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Females of the sexually dichromatic <jats:italic>Xylocopa caerulea<\/jats:italic> are marked by strongly blue-pigmented hairs on the head, thorax and abdomen. The thorax of female <jats:italic>X. confusa<\/jats:italic> is covered by yellow-pigmented hairs. The diffuse pigmentary colouration of the blue and yellow hairs is effectively enhanced by strongly scattering granules. The absorption spectrum of the blue pigment of <jats:italic>X. caerulea<\/jats:italic> has a maximum at 605 nm and is probably a bilin (a bile pigment). The absorption spectrum of the yellow pigment of <jats:italic>X. confusa<\/jats:italic> has a maximum at 445 nm and may be a pterin. The thoracic hairs of female <jats:italic>X. confusa<\/jats:italic> contain also a minor amount of the bilin. The reflectance spectra of the pigmented hairs suggest that the pigments are tuned to the spectral sensitivity of the bees\u2019 photoreceptors and provide spectral contrast with a green background.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-023-01854-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T08:02:45Z","timestamp":1684828965000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pigmentary colouration of hairy carpenter bees, genus Xylocopa"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2518-6177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doekele G.","family":"Stavenga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1854_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13558","volume":"72","author":"BB Blaimer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Blaimer BB, Mawdsley JR, Brady SG (2018) Multiple origins of sexual dichromatism and aposematism within large carpenter bees. 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