{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T22:20:58Z","timestamp":1780438858441,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beihua University Youth Research and Innovation Team","award":["BHQNTD202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BHQNTD202202"]}]},{"name":"Beihua University Youth Research and Innovation Team","award":["BHQNTD202202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BHQNTD202202"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Students\u2019 Innovation Projects of Beihua University grant","award":["2022017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022017"]}]},{"name":"Graduate Students\u2019 Innovation Projects of Beihua University grant","award":["2022017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022017"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Bureau of Jilin Province grants","award":["20210204185YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210204185YY"]}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Bureau of Jilin Province grants","award":["20210204185YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210204185YY"]}]},{"name":"the Beihua University graduate innovation program","award":["[2024]074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2024]074"]}]},{"name":"the Beihua University graduate innovation program","award":["[2024]074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2024]074"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Nat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-025-02002-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T08:15:11Z","timestamp":1753258511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of neural stem cell-derived exosomes on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease in mice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2002_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-023-01319-7","volume":"43","author":"B Aktas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aktas B (2023) Gut microbial alteration in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson disease is administration regimen dependent. Cell Mol Neurobiol 43(6):2815\u20132829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10571-023-01319-7","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"2002_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105799","volume":"115","author":"CK Bhusal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhusal CK, Uti DE, Mukherjee D et al (2023) Unveiling nature\u2019s potential: promising natural compounds in Parkinson\u2019s disease management. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 115:105799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2023.105799","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2002_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0589-7","volume":"23","author":"C Challis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Challis C, Hori A, Sampson TR et al (2020) Gut-seeded alpha-synuclein fibrils promote gut dysfunction and brain pathology specifically in aged mice. Nat Neurosci 23(3):327\u2013336","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2002_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-016-0679-1","volume":"117","author":"DA Chistiakov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chistiakov DA, Chistiakov AA (2017) alpha-Synuclein-carrying extracellular vesicles in Parkinson\u2019s disease: deadly transmitters. Acta Neurol Belg 117(1):43\u201351","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"2002_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-101512-122326","volume":"30","author":"M Colombo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colombo M, Raposo G, Thery C (2014) Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 30:255\u2013289","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"6927","key":"2002_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01451","volume":"422","author":"SD Conner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Conner SD, Schmid SL (2003) Regulated portals of entry into the cell. Nature 422(6927):37\u201344","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2002_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kalluri R, LeBleu VS (2020) The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes. Science (New York, N.Y.) 367(6478):eaau6977.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aau6977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6977"},{"issue":"3","key":"2002_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.10.012","volume":"12","author":"MS Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim MS, Haney MJ, Zhao Y et al (2016) Development of exosome-encapsulated paclitaxel to overcome MDR in cancer cells. Nanomedicine 12(3):655\u2013664","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2002_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.09.011","volume":"14","author":"MS Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim MS, Haney MJ, Zhao Y et al (2018) Engineering macrophage-derived exosomes for targeted paclitaxel delivery to pulmonary metastases: in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Nanomedicine 14(1):195\u2013204","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2002_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0494-4","volume":"6","author":"JA Krumbeck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Krumbeck JA, Rasmussen HE, Hutkins RW et al (2018) Probiotic Bifidobacterium strains and galactooligosaccharides improve intestinal barrier function in obese adults but show no synergism when used together as synbiotics. Microbiome 6(1):121","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"12","key":"2002_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22190","volume":"23","author":"WY Lee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lee WY, Yoon WT, Shin HY et al (2008) Helicobacter pylori infection and motor fluctuations in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Mov Disord 23(12):1696\u20131700","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2002_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1528-y","volume":"16","author":"CH Lin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin CH, Chen CC, Chiang HL et al (2019) Altered gut microbiota and inflammatory cytokine responses in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neuroinflammation 16(1):129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-019-1528-y","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2002_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181327","volume":"8","author":"DJ McGee","year":"2018","unstructured":"McGee DJ, Lu XH, Disbrow EA (2018) Stomaching the possibility of a pathogenic role for Helicobacter pylori in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Parkinsons Dis 8(3):367\u2013374","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2002_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1042\/ETLS20170058","volume":"1","author":"I O'Neill","year":"2017","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill I, Schofield Z, Hall LJ (2017) Exploring the role of the microbiota member Bifidobacterium in modulating immune-linked diseases. Emerg Top Life Sci 1(4):333\u2013349","journal-title":"Emerg Top Life Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2002_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10101584","volume":"10","author":"A Ort\u00edz de Z\u00e1rate","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ort\u00edz de Z\u00e1rate A, P\u00e9rez-Torralba M, Bonet Isidro I et al (2021) 1,5-Benzodiazepin-2(3H)-ones: in Vitro evaluation as antiparkinsonian agents. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) 10(10):1584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox10101584","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2002_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-08-03090.2002","volume":"22","author":"RG Perez","year":"2002","unstructured":"Perez RG, Waymire JC, Lin E et al (2002) A role for alpha-synuclein in the regulation of dopamine biosynthesis. J Neurosci 22(8):3090\u20133099","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2002_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1484-6","volume":"10","author":"G Qiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qiu G, Zheng G, Ge M et al (2019) Functional proteins of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Stem Cell Res Ther 10(1):359","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"100","key":"2002_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.01.004","volume":"14","author":"A Reeve","year":"2014","unstructured":"Reeve A, Simcox E, Turnbull D (2014) Ageing and Parkinson\u2019s disease: why is advancing age the biggest risk factor? Ageing Res Rev 14(100):19\u201330","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"2002_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.001","volume":"62","author":"M Smeyne","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smeyne M, Smeyne RJ (2013) Glutathione metabolism and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Free Radic Biol Med 62:13\u201325","journal-title":"Free Radical Biologyand Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"2002_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.105","volume":"18","author":"D Sun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sun D, Zhuang X, Xiang X et al (2010) A novel nanoparticle drug delivery system: the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin is enhanced when encapsulated in exosomes. Mol Ther 18(9):1606\u20131614","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"2002_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.083","volume":"35","author":"Y Tian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tian Y, Li S, Song J et al (2014) A doxorubicin delivery platform using engineered natural membrane vesicle exosomes for targeted tumor therapy. Biomaterials 35(7):2383\u20132390","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"8","key":"2002_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-016-1667-6","volume":"124","author":"N Titova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Titova N, Padmakumar C, Lewis SJG, Chaudhuri KR (2017) Parkinson's: a syndrome rather than a disease? J Neural Transm (Vienna, Austria) 124(8):907\u2013914. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-016-1667-6","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna, Austria)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2002_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00030-2","volume":"20","author":"E Tolosa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tolosa E, Garrido A, Scholz SW et al (2021) Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease. Lancet Neurol 20(5):385\u2013397","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2002_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-2880","volume":"78","author":"Y Wan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wan Y, Wang L, Zhu C et al (2018) Aptamer-conjugated extracellular nanovesicles for targeted drug delivery. Cancer Res 78(3):798\u2013808","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2002_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27066","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.27066","volume":"4","author":"M Yanez-Mo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yanez-Mo M, Siljander PR, Andreu Z et al (2015) Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions. J Extracell Vesicles 4:27066","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"issue":"8","key":"2002_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv084","volume":"65","author":"MP Zaborowski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaborowski MP, Balaj L, Breakefield XO et al (2015) Extracellular vesicles: composition, biological relevance, and methods of study. Bioscience 65(8):783\u2013797","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2002_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(99)00152-2","volume":"866","author":"W Zhou","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zhou W, Hurlbert MS, Schaack J et al (2000) Overexpression of human \u03b1-synuclein causes dopamine neuron death in rat primary culture and immortalized mesencephalon-derived cells. Brain Res 866(1):33\u201343","journal-title":"Brain Res"}],"container-title":["The Science of Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00114-025-02002-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00114-025-02002-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00114-025-02002-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T19:26:51Z","timestamp":1757273211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00114-025-02002-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00114-025-02002-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1042","1432-1904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1042","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1904","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 July 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The experimental protocol and animal usage plan were approved by the Ethics Committee of Beihua University, China (approved number: 2024082117).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"53"}}