{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T18:07:42Z","timestamp":1762884462484,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009696","name":"Palaeontological Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PA-SB202303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PA-SB202303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002345","name":"Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002345","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Nat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Chalicotheres are bizarre extinct herbivore mammals closely related to today\u2019s rhinoceroses, tapirs and horses. The family\u00a0Chalicotheriidae includes two subfamilies, the Chalicotheriinae and the Schizotheriinae. Some members of the schizotheriines form a duplex bone by fusing the proximal and the medial phalanges of the second digit of the hand. Here, we report the only known fused set of proximal and medial phalanges in a specimen of the subfamily Chalicotheriinae from the Late Miocene of H\u00f6wenegg in Germany. This specimen has been the center of some confusion regarding its identity and the nature of the fusion. In our study, we conduct a detailed comparison to chalicotheriines and schizotheriines, identifying the specimen as a chalicotheriine\u00a0and attributing its fusion to a pathology. We additionally acquired CT scans of this specimen and two schizotheriines to compare the internal structure of the fused phalanges, which revealed great differences between the fusion  in schizotheriines\u00a0and the pathologically fused H\u00f6wenegg specimen. Furthermore, we found that both subfamilies show a trend towards immobilizing their digits, expressed in different ways, with chalicotheriines forming a notched-joint between the phalanges in some digits that hinders their movement and schizotheriines regularly fusing the phalanges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-025-02011-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T09:38:35Z","timestamp":1755509915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unique pathological phalangeal fusion in the chalicothere subfamily Chalicotheriinae and the interphalangeal immobilization in chalicotheres"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Kampouridis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Kyriakouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"de Souza Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2011_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12542-025-00724-1","author":"AO Averianov","year":"2025","unstructured":"Averianov AO (2025) A digging theropod? Enigmatic ankylosed phalanges from the Upper Cretaceous of Uzbekistan. PalZ. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12542-025-00724-1","journal-title":"PalZ"},{"key":"2011_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12518","volume":"304","author":"C B\u00f6hmer","year":"2018","unstructured":"B\u00f6hmer C, R\u00f6ssner GE (2018) Dental paleopathology in fossil rhinoceroses: etiology and implications. J Zool 304:3\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jzo.12518","journal-title":"J Zool"},{"key":"2011_CR3","first-page":"163","volume":"10","author":"PM Butler","year":"1965","unstructured":"Butler PM (1965) Fossil mammals of Africa No. 18: east African Miocene and Pleistocene chalicotheres. 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