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Due to environmental changes and human overexploitation, it has been classified as Near-Threatened. This study integrates morphological and molecular immunological approaches to identify\n                    <jats:italic>R. dybowskii<\/jats:italic>\n                    populations with greater survival and disease resistance, based on 32 morphological traits and\n                    <jats:italic>MHC<\/jats:italic>\n                    class I and II polymorphism. Morphological results showed that compared with other populations, Yichun (YC) population had the highest fatness, the lowest IOD\/HW, and the largest HW\/SVL, HL\/SVL, HW\/HL, SL\/TL. It indicates that YC population shows larger body size, wider vision and stronger jumping ability. The polymorphism of\n                    <jats:italic>MHC<\/jats:italic>\n                    I gene was the highest in Shangzhi (SZ) population, and the polymorphism of\n                    <jats:italic>MHC<\/jats:italic>\n                    II gene was the highest in YC population. Moreover, duplication, selection, and recombination occurred during evolution of\n                    <jats:italic>MHC<\/jats:italic>\n                    class I and II genes. Since both SZ and YC populations scored higher in this category (the variant sites, nucleotide polymorphism, amino-acid divergence\/nucleotide divergence, dN\/dS, Tajima\u2019 D, etc.), they were more resistant to disease. All in all, these results indicated that YC population of the Lesser Khingan Mountains had good morphology and immune results, and\n                    <jats:italic>R. dybowskii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the Lesser Khingan Mountains might be more suitable to be the original population of artificial breeding, which provided a theoretical basis for the realization of artificial breeding in the next step.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-025-02018-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T10:16:48Z","timestamp":1756894608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Selection of geographical populations suitable for artificial breeding of the Northeast China Brown Frog (Rana dybowskii)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Wanli","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiuchen","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojian","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenge","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6738-9205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2018_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.04.009","volume":"70","author":"ET Abualrous","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abualrous ET, Jana Sticht J, Freund C (2021) Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II proteins: impact of polymorphism on antigen presentation. 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