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High-performance liquid chromatography revealed distinct phenolic acid and flavonoid profiles among the extracts, with the methanol extract of\n                    <jats:italic>L. ciliatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (LME) exhibiting the richest phenolic content. Consistently, LME showed the highest total phenol (314.69\u00a0\u00b5g\/mg) and total flavonoid (91.61\u00a0\u00b5g\/mg) levels. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelation assays, in which LME demonstrated the strongest activity with the lowest IC\u2085\u2080 values (45.49 and 40.10\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, respectively), highlighting the influence of extraction solvent on bioactivity. Cytotoxic effects were assessed on Mahlavu and MCF-7 cell lines at 24, 48, and 72\u00a0h. Both methanol and aqueous extracts of\n                    <jats:italic>L. ciliatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited time-dependent cytotoxicity, with LME showing a remarkably low IC\u2085\u2080 value of 0.66\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL on MCF-7 cells after 72\u00a0h. To gain insight into the molecular basis of the observed cytotoxic effects,\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    molecular docking was performed using the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein as a target. The major phenolic compounds, particularly chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and naringenin, exhibited strong binding affinities toward Bcl-2, suggesting a possible involvement of apoptosis-related pathways. In contrast, none of the extracts showed antibacterial activity against the tested Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. Overall, the findings indicate that methanol extraction is more effective for obtaining phenolic-rich extracts with pronounced antioxidant and anticancer potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-026-02079-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T07:22:08Z","timestamp":1771226528000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Potent anticancer activity of phenolic-enriched extracts from endemic plants supported by in vitro pharmacological analyses and in silico molecular docking"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Bugrahan","family":"Emsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Cicek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burak","family":"Surmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hacer Sibel","family":"Karapinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2079_CR1","first-page":"7583","volume":"64","author":"AS Abdelbaky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelbaky AS (2021) Effect of various extraction methods and solvent types on yield, phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Spathodea Nilotica leaves. 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