{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:46:21Z","timestamp":1792586781857,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Nat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-026-02146-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:50:59Z","timestamp":1787647859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Green-synthesized selenium and titanium dioxide nanomaterials: characterization and antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Shwetha B.","family":"Nagarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuradha","family":"Jayaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeevi","family":"Ramakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42675-0","volume":"13","author":"AM Abdel-Aty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdel-Aty AM, Barakat AZ, Bassuiny RI, Mohamed SA (2023) Statistical optimization, characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticle biosynthesized by saw palmetto seed phenolic extract. Sci Rep 13(1):15605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-42675-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"2146_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11082453","volume":"11","author":"AH Abdul Aziz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abdul Aziz AH, Rizkiyah DN, Qomariyah L, Irianto I, Che Yunus MA, Putra NR (2023) Unlocking the Full Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Spice: An Overview of Extraction Techniques, Bioactivity, and Future Opportunities in the Food and Beverage Industry. Processes 11(8):2453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pr11082453","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"2146_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24701556.2020.1732419","author":"W Ahmad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad W, Jaiswal KK, Soni S (2020) Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles by using Mentha arvensis leaves extract and its antimicrobial properties. Inorg Nano-Met Chem. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24701556.2020.1732419","journal-title":"Inorg Nano-Met Chem"},{"key":"2146_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alhawiti AS. (2022) Citric acid-mediated green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticoagulant potential applications. Biomass Convers Bio Refin. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13399-022-02798-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-02798-2"},{"issue":"8","key":"2146_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101896","volume":"32","author":"D Anbumani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anbumani D, Dhandapani KV, Manoharan J, Babujanarthanam R, Bashir AKH, Muthusamy K, Alfarhan A, Kanimozhi K (2020) Green synthesis and antimicrobial efficacy of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Luffa acutangula leaf extract. J King Saud Univ Sci 32(8):3900\u20133906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.101896","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2146_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113525","volume":"27","author":"M Arif","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arif M, Ullah R, Ahmad M, Ali A, Ullah Z, Ali M, Al-Joufi FA, Zahoor M, Sher H (2022) Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Euphorbia wallichii Leaf Extract: Its Antibacterial Action against Citrus Canker Causal Agent and Antioxidant Potential. Molecules 27(11):3525. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27113525","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2146_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsadv.2021.100122","volume":"5","author":"B Arjun Kumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arjun Kumar B, Kumar P, Elangovan T, Ramalingam G, Ravi G, Mohanapriya P, Natarajan TS (2021) Surface functionalization of core-shell QDs for solar photovoltaic and anti-cancer applications. Appl Surf Sci Adv 5:100122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsadv.2021.100122","journal-title":"Appl Surf Sci Adv"},{"key":"2146_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1049\/mna2.12096","volume":"16","author":"MH Bafghi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bafghi MH, Darroudi M, Zargar M, Zarrinfar H, Nazari R (2021) Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans for antifungal applications. Micro Nano Lett 16:656\u2013669. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/mna2.12096","journal-title":"Micro Nano Lett"},{"key":"2146_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8170","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NR05271D","volume":"17","author":"A Bu\u017ekov\u00e1","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bu\u017ekov\u00e1 A, Hochvaldov\u00e1 L, Ve\u010de\u0159ov\u00e1 R, Malina T, Petr M, Ka\u0161l\u00edk J et al (2025) Selenium nanoparticles: influence of reducing agents on particle stability and antibacterial activity at biogenic concentrations. Nanoscale 17:8170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D4NR05271D","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"2146_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2020-0045","volume":"9","author":"NE Eisa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eisa NE, Almansour S, Alnaim IA, Ali AM, Algrafy E, Ortashi KM et al (2020) Eco-synthesis and characterization of titanium nanoparticles: testing its cytotoxicity and antibacterial effects. Green Process Synth 9:462\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/gps-2020-0045","journal-title":"Green Process Synth"},{"key":"2146_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1741753","volume":"17","author":"N El-Gazzar","year":"2026","unstructured":"El-Gazzar N, Rafat M, Rabie G, Sitohy B (2026) Antimicrobial, anticancer activities and molecular docking of eco-friendly chitosan nanocapsule loaded with biosynthesized titanium nanoparticles by Aspergillus flavus. Front Microbiol 17:1741753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1741753","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2146_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1515\/gps-2018-0060","volume":"8","author":"B Fardsadegh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fardsadegh B, Vaghari H, Mohammad\u2013Jafari R, Najian Y, Jafarizadeh\u2013Malmiri H (2019) Biosynthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activities assessment of fabricated selenium nanoparticles using Pelargonium zonale leaf extract. Green Process Synth 8(1):191\u2013198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/gps-2018-0060","journal-title":"Green Process Synth"},{"key":"2146_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.21608\/ejbo.2024.267306.2692","volume":"64","author":"A Fath-Alla","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fath-Alla A, Khalil N, Mohamed A, Abdelghany M (2024) Antiradical and anti-inflammatory activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae- mediated selenium nanoparticles. Egypt J Bot 64:773\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/ejbo.2024.267306.2692","journal-title":"Egypt J Bot"},{"key":"2146_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13030157","volume":"13","author":"A Fouda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fouda A, Al-Otaibi WA, Saber T, AlMotwaa SM, Alshallash KS, Elhady M, Badr NF, Abdel-Rahman MA, Antimicrobial (2022) Antiviral, and In-Vitro Cytotoxicity and Mosquitocidal Activities of Portulaca oleracea-Based Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles. J Funct Biomater 13:157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jfb13030157","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"key":"2146_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195929","volume":"26","author":"JA Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz JA, Garza-Garc\u00eda JJ, Le\u00f3n-Morales JM, Zamudio-Ojeda A, Arratia-Quijada J, Vel\u00e1zquez-Ju\u00e1rez G, L\u00f3pez-Vel\u00e1zquez JC, Garc\u00eda-Morales S (2021) Antibacterial activity of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles using extracts of Calendula officinalis against potentially clinical bacterial strains. Molecules 26:5929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules26195929","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2146_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2024.113213","volume":"170","author":"T Indumathi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Indumathi T, Ramesh S, Haldorai Y, Kathalingam A, Kumar RS, Yadav HM, Karthikeyan C, Kim HS, Kakani V (2024) Nanostructured ZnCo2S4@ metal organic frameworks composite for supercapacitor by ultrasonication supported hydrothermal reaction. Inorg Chem Commun 170:113213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inoche.2024.113213","journal-title":"Inorg Chem Commun"},{"key":"2146_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s44259-024-00051-6","volume":"2","author":"N Kade\u0159\u00e1bkov\u00e1","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kade\u0159\u00e1bkov\u00e1 N, Mahmood AJS, Mavridou DAI (2024) Antibiotic susceptibility testing using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. npj Antimicrob Resist 2:37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44259-024-00051-6","journal-title":"npj Antimicrob Resist"},{"key":"2146_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-024-00557-y","volume":"23","author":"R Lozano-Rosas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lozano-Rosas R, Ramos-Garcia R, Salazar-Morales MF et al (2024) Evaluation of antifungal activity of visible light-activated doped TiO2 nanoparticles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 23:823\u2013837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43630-024-00557-y","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"key":"2146_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings10070626","volume":"10","author":"K Meenambigai Krishnan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meenambigai Krishnan K, Ranganathan P, Maadhu P, Thangavelu S, Kundan, Arjunan N (2020) Leaf Extract of Dillenia indica as a Source of Selenium Nanoparticles with Larvicidal and Antimicrobial Potential toward Vector Mosquitoes and Pathogenic Microbes. Coatings 10:626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/coatings10070626","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"issue":"10","key":"2146_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.87a.19117","volume":"87","author":"AR Modi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Modi AR, Kovacs CS (2020) Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia, Diagnosis, management, and prevention. Clevel Clin J Med 87(10):633\u2013639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3949\/ccjm.87a.19117","journal-title":"Clevel Clin J Med"},{"key":"2146_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nagarajan SB, Jayaraman A, Ramakrishnan S (2024) Theranostic scope of monometallic selenium and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in biomedicine: a review. Health Care Sci 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hcs2.109","DOI":"10.1002\/hcs2.109"},{"key":"2146_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.111667","volume":"201","author":"J Rajkumari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rajkumari J, Magdalane CM, Siddhardha B, Madhavan J, Ramalingam G, Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu MV, Ghilan AKM, Duraipandiayan V, Kaviyarasu K (2019) Synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles using Aloe barbadensis mill and evaluation of its antibiofilm potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. J Photochem Photobiol B 201:111667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.111667","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"key":"2146_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pages351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-020-01794-8","volume":"32","author":"S Salem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salem S, Salem MMG, Fouda A, Fouda MA, Awad, Ebtesam M, Al-Olayan AA, Allam, Tharwat I, Shaheen (2022) Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity and Larvicidal Activity of Green Synthesized Selenium Nanoparticles Using Penicillium corylophilum. J Cluster Sci volume 32:pages351\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10876-020-01794-8","journal-title":"J Cluster Sci volume"},{"key":"2146_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3390\/life12060893","volume":"12","author":"SS Salem","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salem SS, Badawy MSEM, Al-Askar AA, Arishi AA, Elkady FM, Hashem AH (2022) Green Biosynthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Waste, Characterization, Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Life 12:893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life12060893","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"2146_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Salim Albukhaty L, Al-Bayati H, Al-Karagoly, Al-Musawi S (2020) Preparation and characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and in vitro investigation of their cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Anim Biotechnol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10495398.2020.1842751","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2020.1842751"},{"issue":"04","key":"2146_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.55006\/biolsciences.2022.2401","volume":"02","author":"V Saloni Goyal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saloni Goyal V, Chaturvedi G, Dhingra S, Tawar K, Sharma S, Singh (2022) Trachyspermum ammi: A review on traditional and modern pharmacological aspects. Biol Sci 02(04):324\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55006\/biolsciences.2022.2401","journal-title":"Biol Sci"},{"key":"2146_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62116-2_7","volume-title":"Infections in Surgery. Hot Topics in Acute Care Surgery and Trauma","author":"M Sartelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sartelli M (2021) Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. In: Sartelli M, Coimbra R, Pagani L, Rasa K (eds) Infections in Surgery. Hot Topics in Acute Care Surgery and Trauma. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-62116-2_7"},{"key":"2146_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110710","volume":"110","author":"BK Shanmugam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shanmugam BK, Rangaraj S, Subramani K, Srinivasan S, Aicher WK, Venkatachalam R (2020) Biomimetic TiO2-chitosan\/sodium alginate blended nanocomposite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 110:110710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msec.2020.110710","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"2146_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clet.2023.100607","volume":"13","author":"S Shekhar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shekhar S, Singh S, Gandhi N, Gautam S, Sharma B (2023) Green chemistry based benign approach for the synthesis of titanium oxide nanoparticles using extracts of Azadirachta indica. Clean Eng Technol 13:100607. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clet.2023.100607","journal-title":"Clean Eng Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2146_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2016.0107","volume":"11","author":"J\u03ccszef Simona Cavalu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simona Cavalu J\u03ccszef, Prokisch V, Laslo S, Vicas (2017) Preparation, structural characterisation and release study of novel hybrid microspheres entrapping Nano selenium, produced by green synthesis. IET Nanobiotechnol 11(4):426\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/iet-nbt.2016.0107","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2146_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-017-0308-z","volume":"15","author":"YN Slavin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Slavin YN, Asnis J, H\u00e4feli UO, Bach H (2017) Metal nanoparticles: understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity. J Nanobiotechnol 15(1):65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12951-017-0308-z","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2146_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.01.027","volume":"6","author":"S Subhapriya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Subhapriya S, Gomathipriya P (2014) Green synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO\u2082) nanoparticles by Trigonella foenum-graecum extract and its antimicrobial properties. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 6(3):461\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.01.027","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pharm Sci"},{"key":"2146_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-025-04426-0","author":"Y Tamilselvi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Tamilselvi Y, Sivasubramanian K, Lingeshwaran L et al (2026) Eco-friendly synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from Cocos nucifera for improved photocatalytic and antimicrobial applications. Discover Nano. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s11671-025-04426-0","journal-title":"Discover Nano"},{"key":"2146_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-019-0909-z","volume":"9","author":"E Travnickova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Travnickova E, Mikula P, Oprsal J et al (2019) Resazurin assay for assessment of antimicrobial properties of electrospun nanofiber filtration membranes. AMB Expr 9:183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13568-019-0909-z","journal-title":"AMB Expr"},{"key":"2146_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-018-0566-8","volume":"9","author":"Venkatesan Alagesan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Venkatesan Alagesan, Sujatha Venugopal (2019) Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticle Using Leaves Extract of Withania somnifera and Its Biological Applications and Photocatalytic Activities. BioNanoScience 9:105\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12668-018-0566-8","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"2146_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yilmaz MT, \u0130spirli H, Taylan O, Dertli E (2021) A green nano-biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles with Tarragon extract: structural, thermal, and antimicrobial characterization 141:0023\u20136438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.110969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.110969"}],"container-title":["The Science of Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00114-026-02146-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00114-026-02146-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00114-026-02146-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:22:53Z","timestamp":1792585373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00114-026-02146-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2146"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00114-026-02146-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1042","1432-1904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1042","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1904","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study did not involve human participants, animals, or any ethically sensitive data. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required, and all procedures complied with standard scientific and institutional guidelines.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study did not involve human participants, animals, or any ethically sensitive data. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required, and all procedures complied with standard scientific and institutional guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"99"}}