{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:53:58Z","timestamp":1791366838226,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Nat"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-026-02173-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:23:28Z","timestamp":1791365008000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Smoking-related variation in facial soft tissue thickness assessed by ultrasound: forensic implications for facial analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0125-9673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Koz\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"\u0160v\u00e1bov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Sot\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Matl\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radoslav","family":"Be\u0148u\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2173_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2001.01238.x","volume":"40","author":"E Aizen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aizen E, Gilhar A (2001) Smoking effect on skin wrinkling in the aged population. Int J Dermatol 40:431\u2013433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2001.01238.x","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2173_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13021128","volume":"13","author":"S Alimova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alimova S, Sharobaro V, Yukhno A, Bondarenko E (2023) Possibilities of ultrasound examination in the assessment of age-related changes in the soft tissue of the face and neck: a review. Appl Sci (Basel) 13:1128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13021128","journal-title":"Appl Sci (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2173_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-025-03588-x","volume":"140","author":"Z Arslan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Arslan Z, Bol EA, \u015eahap SK, Cant\u00fcrk N, Cant\u00fcrk G (2026) Facial soft tissue thickness in the sub-adult population of T\u00fcrkiye. MRI-based assessment and its correlation with body-mass index (BMI). Int J Legal Med 140(1):463\u2013476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-025-03588-x","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"51","key":"2173_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12935","volume":"61","author":"LJ Baillie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baillie LJ, Muirhead JC, Blyth P, Niven BE, Dias GJ (2016) Position effect on facial soft tissue depths: a sonographic investigation. J Forensic Sci 61(51):60\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12935","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2173_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fri.2021.200444","volume":"25","author":"F De Barros","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Barros F, Serra MC, Kuhnen B, Filho JS, Gon\u00e7alves M, Fernandes CMS (2021) Midsagital and bilateral facial soft tissue thickness: A cone-beam computed tomography assessment of Brazilian living adults. Foren Imag 25:200444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fri.2021.200444","journal-title":"Foren Imag"},{"key":"2173_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2022.111365","volume":"337","author":"T Chaimongkhol","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chaimongkhol T, Mahakkanukrauh P (2022) The facial soft tissue thickness related facial reconstruction by ultrasonographic imaging: a review. Forensic Sci Int 337:111365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2022.111365","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"2173_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-019-02409-2","volume":"42","author":"AR Eftekhari-Moghadam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eftekhari-Moghadam AR, Latifi SM, Nazifi HR, Rezaian J (2020) Influence of sex and body mass index on facial soft tissue thickness measurements in an adult population of southwest Iran. Surg Radiol Anat 42(5):627\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-019-02409-2","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"2173_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dinh, Q. H.; Ma, T. C.; Bui, T. D.; Nguyen, T. T.; Ngyuen, D. T. Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Prediction Using Anthropometric Distances. In: Nguyen, N. T.; Trawi\u0144ski, B.; Jung, J. J. (eds) New Challenges for Intelligent Information and Database Systems. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol. 351. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-19953-0_12.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-19953-0_12"},{"issue":"1","key":"2173_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.034","volume":"159","author":"S De Greef","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Greef S, Claes P, Vandermeulen D, Mollemans W, Suetens P, Willems G (2006) Large-scale in-vivo Caucasian facial soft tissue thickness database for craniofacial reconstruction. For. Sci. Int. 159(1):126\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.034","journal-title":"For. Sci. Int."},{"key":"2173_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11572","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-3","volume":"13","author":"K Hergesell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hergesell K, Paraskevopoulou A, Op\u00e1lka L, Velebn\u00fd V, V\u00e1vrov\u00e1 K, Dole\u010dkov\u00e1 I (2023) The effect of long-term cigarette smoking on selected skin barrier proteins and lipids. Sci Rep 13:11572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2173_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.12.012","volume":"259","author":"L Jia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jia L, Qi B, Yang J, Zhang W, Lu Y, Zhang HL (2016) Ultrasonic measurement of facial tissue depth in Northen Chinese han population. For. Sci. Int. 259:247e1-247e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.12.012","journal-title":"For. Sci. Int."},{"key":"2173_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2014.07.006","volume":"5","author":"M Kaur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kaur M, Garg RK, Singla S (2014) Analysis of facial soft tissue changes with aging and their effects on facial morphology: a forensic perspective. Egypt J Forensic Sci 5:46\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejfs.2014.07.006","journal-title":"Egypt J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2173_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5430\/ijdi.v4n2p47","volume":"4","author":"K Kaur","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kaur K, Sehrawat JS, Bahadur R (2017) Sex dependent variations in craniofacial soft-tissue thicknesses estimated from MRI and CT scans: a pilot study based on northwestern Indian subjects. Int J Diagn Imaging 4(2):47\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/ijdi.v4n2p47","journal-title":"Int J Diagn Imaging"},{"key":"2173_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2002.01352.x","volume":"41","author":"JS Koh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Koh JS, Kang H, Choi SW, Kim HO (2002) Cigarette smoking associated with premature facial wrinkling: image analysis of facial replicas. Int J Dermatol 41:21\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2002.01352.x","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2173_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/forensicsci5010005","author":"Z Koz\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2025","unstructured":"Koz\u00e1kov\u00e1 Z, Sulis S, Falbov\u00e1 D, Vorobe\u013eov\u00e1 L, Matl\u00e1kov\u00e1 M, Be\u0148u\u0161 R, \u0160v\u00e1bov\u00e1 P (2025) Impact of head position on facial soft tissue thickness: an ultrasound study in the Slovak population. Forensic Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/forensicsci5010005","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2173_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bihy.2009.02.008","volume":"2","author":"K Krishan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krishan K, Sidhu MC, Kanchan T, Menezes RG, Sen J (2009) Diurnal variation in stature \u2013 is it more in children or adults? Biosci Hypotheses 2(3):174\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bihy.2009.02.008","journal-title":"Biosci Hypotheses"},{"key":"2173_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fri.2021.200434","volume":"24","author":"B Kuhnen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kuhnen B, Fernandes CMS, de Barros F, Filho JS, Gon\u00e7alves M, Serra MC (2021) Facial soft tissue thickness of Brazilian living sub-adults. A cone-beam computed tomography study. Foren. Imag. 24:200434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fri.2021.200434","journal-title":"Foren. Imag."},{"key":"2173_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.05.022","volume":"32","author":"T Marur","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marur T, Tuna Y, Demirci S (2014) Facial anatomy. Clin Dermatol 32:14\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.05.022","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2173_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14230","volume":"65","author":"B Meikle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meikle B, Stephan CN (2020) B-mode ultrasound measurement of facial soft tissue thickness for craniofacial identification: a standardized approach. J Forensic Sci 65:939\u2013947. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14230","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2173_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05205.x","volume":"51","author":"A Ortiz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ortiz A, Grando SA (2012) Smoking and the skin. Int J Dermatol 51:250\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05205.x","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2173_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.015","volume":"220","author":"P Panenkov\u00e1","year":"2012","unstructured":"Panenkov\u00e1 P, Be\u0148u\u0161 R, Masnicov\u00e1 S, Obertov\u00e1 Z, Grunt J (2012) Facial soft tissue thicknesses of the mid-face for Slovak population. Forensic Sci Int 220(1\u20133):293-e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.02.015","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2173_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph2003658","volume":"20","author":"E Park","year":"2023","unstructured":"Park E, Chang J, Park J (2023) Facial Soft Tissue Thickness Differences among Three Skeletal Classes in Korean Population Using CBCT. Int J Environ Res Public Health 20:2658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph2003658","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2173_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flm.2014.12.004","volume":"29","author":"TR Peckman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Peckman TR, Harris M, Huculak M, Pringle A, Fournier M (2015) In vivo facial tissue depths for Canadian M\u00ed\u00b4kmaq adults: a case study from Nova Scotia. Canada J Forensic Leg Med 29:43\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.flm.2014.12.004","journal-title":"Canada J Forensic Leg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2173_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2023.101420","volume":"124","author":"P Piombino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Piombino P, Esposito E, Committeri U, Barone S, Arena A, Cataldo R, Carraturo E, Vaira LA, De Riu G, Mariniello D, Califano L (2023) Facial soft tissue thickness measurement method and relationship with BMI, age and sex. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 124(4):101420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jormas.2023.101420","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2173_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10011-1275","volume":"24","author":"T Saxena","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saxena T, Panat SR, Sangamesh NC, Choudhary A, Aggarwal A, Yadav N (2012) Facial soft tissue thickness in North Indian adult population. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol 24(2):121\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10011-1275","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol"},{"key":"2173_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.014","volume":"282","author":"CN Stephan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stephan CN, Preisler R (2018) In vivo facial soft tissue thicknesses of adult Australians. Forensic Sci Int 282:e1-220.e12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.11.014","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2173_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00853.x","volume":"53","author":"CN Stephan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stephan CN, Simpson EK (2008) Facial soft tissue depths in craniofacial identification (part I): an analytical review of the published adult data. J Forensic Sci 53(6):1257\u20131272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2008.00853.x","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2173_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962006000100004","volume":"81","author":"LY Suehara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Suehara LY, Simone K, Maia M (2006) Evaluation of facial aging related to cigarette smoking. An Bras Dermatol 81(1):34\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0365-05962006000100004","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2173_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024231182360","volume":"64","author":"P \u0160v\u00e1bov\u00e1","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u0160v\u00e1bov\u00e1 P, Matl\u00e1kov\u00e1 M, Be\u0148u\u0161 R, Chovancov\u00e1 M, Masnicov\u00e1 S (2024) The relationship between biological parameters and facial soft tissue thickness measured by ultrasound and its forensic implications. Med Sci Law 64(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258024231182360","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"2173_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41935-023-00356-z","volume":"13","author":"S Thakur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thakur S, Sehrawat JS (2023) Age and sex dependent differences in midline facial soft tissue thicknesses measured on MRI scans of Northwest Indian subjects: a forensic anthropological study. Egypt J Forensic Sci 13:38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41935-023-00356-z","journal-title":"Egypt J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"2173_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecinn.2022.100021","volume":"1","author":"L Walker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walker L, Grogan S, Scholtens K, Denovan A, McMillan B, Armitage CJ, Conner M, Epton T, Cordero MI (2022) UK males smokers\u00b4 experiences of an age-progression smoking cessation intervention: thematic analysis of accounts. PEC Inovation 1:100021","journal-title":"PEC Inovation"},{"issue":"3","key":"2173_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1385\/FSMP:1:3:173","volume":"1","author":"C Wilkinson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wilkinson C (2005) Computerized forensic facial reconstruction: a review of current systems. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 1(3):173\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1385\/FSMP:1:3:173","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"2173_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114436","volume":"275","author":"I Wolters","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wolters I, Kastaun S, Kotz D (2024) Associations between body mass index and smoking behaviour: a cross-sectional study of the German adult population. Physiol Behav 275:114436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.physbeh.2023.114436","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2173_CR34","first-page":"163","volume":"18","author":"T Yazdanparast","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yazdanparast T, Hassanzadeh H, Nasrollahi SA, Sayedmehdi SM, Jamaati H, Naimian A, Karimi M, Roozbahani R, Firooz A (2019) Cigarettes Smoking and Skin: A Comparison Study of the Biophysical Properties of Skin in Smokers and Non-Smokers. Tanaffos 18(2):163\u2013168","journal-title":"Tanaffos"},{"key":"2173_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s004030050476","volume":"292","author":"L Yin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yin L, Morita A, Tsuji T (2000) Alterations of extracellular matrix induced by tobacco smoke extract. Arch Dermatol Res 292:188\u2013194","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2173_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asjof\/ojaf140","volume":"10","author":"J Zhuang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhuang J, Yuan L, Lin Z, Wu T, Su X, Jiang L, Jia Y, Hu J, Chai H (2025) An analysis of the factors influencing forehead soft-tissue thickness: an ultrasound study. Aesthet Surg J Open Forum 10(7):ojaf140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/asjof\/ojaf140","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J Open Forum"}],"container-title":["The Science of Nature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00114-026-02173-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00114-026-02173-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00114-026-02173-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T09:23:29Z","timestamp":1791365009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00114-026-02173-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00114-026-02173-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-1042","1432-1904"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-1042","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1904","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was granted ethical approval by the Ethics Committee for Research on Human Subjects of the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia (protocol ECH19026, approved on 2 March 2023).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate declaration","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"126"}}