{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T13:36:46Z","timestamp":1789911406384,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]],"date-time":"2018-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528243200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nervenarzt"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-018-0550-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]],"date-time":"2018-06-06T12:04:25Z","timestamp":1528286665000},"page":"1344-1354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Diagnose der Multiplen Sklerose: Revision der McDonald-Kriterien 2017","Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: revision of the McDonald criteria 2017"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Aktas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. P.","family":"Wattjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Stangel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.-P.","family":"Hartung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-309057","volume":"86","author":"O Aktas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aktas O (2015) Collateral benefit. The comeback of MOG antibodies as a\u00a0biomarker in neurological practice. J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 86(3):243","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr."},{"issue":"11","key":"550_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-5317-x","volume":"256","author":"O Aktas","year":"2009","unstructured":"Aktas O, Hartung H\u2011P (2009) Neuromyelitis and more. The unfolding spectrum of aquaporin 4\u2011related neurological diseases. J\u00a0Neurol 256(11):1906\u20131908","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"550_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52001-2.00012-1","volume":"122","author":"ES Aliaga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aliaga ES, Barkhof F (2014) MRI mimics of multiple sclerosis. Handb Clin Neurol 122:291\u2013316","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"550_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516642033","volume":"22","author":"G Arrambide","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arrambide G, Tintore M (2016) CSF examination still has value in the diagnosis of MS \u2013 Commentary. Mult Scler 22(8):997\u2013998","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000102","volume":"2","author":"CJ Azevedo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Azevedo CJ, Overton E, Khadka S et\u00a0al (2015) Early CNS neurodegeneration in radiologically isolated syndrome. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2(3):e102","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308346","volume":"86","author":"M Baumann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baumann M, Sahin K, Lechner C et\u00a0al (2015) Clinical and neuroradiological differences of paediatric acute disseminating encephalomyelitis with and without antibodies to the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 86(3):265\u2013272","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"issue":"20","key":"550_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181c1de4f","volume":"73","author":"J Bellmann-Strobl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bellmann-Strobl J, Wuerfel J, Aktas O et al (2009) Poor PASAT performance correlates with MRI contrast enhancement in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 73(20):1624\u20131627","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"550_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2014.02.026","volume":"21","author":"WJ Brownlee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brownlee WJ, Miller DH (2014) Clinically isolated syndromes and the relationship to multiple sclerosis. J\u00a0Clin Neurosci 21(12):2065\u20132071","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"550_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002975","volume":"87","author":"WJ Brownlee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brownlee WJ, Swanton JK, Miszkiel KA et\u00a0al (2016) Should the symptomatic region be included in dissemination in space in MRI criteria for MS? Neurology 87(7):680\u2013683","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10076","key":"550_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30959-X","volume":"389","author":"WJ Brownlee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brownlee WJ, Hardy TA, Fazekas F et\u00a0al (2017) Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Progress and challenges. Lancet 389(10076):1336\u20131346","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"550_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70572-5","volume":"5","author":"A Charil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Charil A, Yousry TA, Rovaris M et\u00a0al (2006) MRI and the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Expanding the concept of \u201cno better explanation\u201d. Lancet Neurol 5(10):841\u2013852","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"550_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6838-x","volume":"260","author":"R D\u2019Alessandro","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessandro R, Vignatelli L, Lugaresi A et al (2013) Risk of multiple sclerosis following clinically isolated syndrome: a\u00a04-year prospective study. J\u00a0Neurol 260(6):1583\u20131593","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"550_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2016.12.002","volume":"27","author":"I Dekker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dekker I, Wattjes MP (2017) Brain and spinal cord MR imaging features in multiple sclerosis and variants. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 27(2):205\u2013227","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00393-2","volume":"15","author":"M Filippi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Filippi M, Rocca MA, Ciccarelli O et\u00a0al (2016) MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. Lancet Neurol 15(3):292\u2013303","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"550_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4660","volume":"37","author":"Y Forslin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Forslin Y, Granberg T, Jumah AA et al (2016) Incidence of radiologically isolated syndrome: a population-based study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 37(6):1017\u20131022","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.3.452","volume":"64","author":"EM Frohman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Frohman EM, Stuve O, Miller DH (2007) W. Ian McDonald, MB, ChB, PhD (1933\u20132006). The Multiple Sclerosis Physician-Scientist of the 20th Century. Arch Neurol 64(3):452","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"550_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3653","volume":"35","author":"T Gabelic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gabelic T, Ramasamy DP, Weinstock-Guttman B et al (2014) Prevalence of radiologically isolated syndrome and white matter signal abnormalities in healthy relatives of patients with multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35(1):106\u2013112","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"550_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70230-2","volume":"11","author":"JJG Geurts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Geurts JJG, Calabrese M, Fisher E et\u00a0al (2012) Measurement and clinical effect of grey matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 11(12):1082\u20131092","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"9 Suppl 2","key":"550_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002823","volume":"87","author":"A Ghezzi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghezzi A, Amato MP, Makhani N et al (2016) Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Conventional first-line treatment and general management. Neurology 87(9 Suppl 2):S97\u2013S102","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"550_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30127-8","volume":"16","author":"G Giovannoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Giovannoni G (2017) The neurodegenerative prodrome in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 16(6):413\u2013414","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512451943","volume":"19","author":"T Granberg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Granberg T, Martola J, Kristoffersen-Wiberg M et al (2013) Radiologically isolated syndrome\u2014incidental magnetic resonance imaging findings suggestive of multiple sclerosis, a\u00a0systematic review. Mult Scler 19(3):271\u2013280","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"1","key":"550_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511417828","volume":"18","author":"M G\u00f3mez-Moreno","year":"2012","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Moreno M, D\u00edaz-S\u00e1nchez M, Ramos-Gonz\u00e1lez A (2012) Application of the 2010 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in a\u00a0Spanish cohort of patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Mult Scler 18(1):39\u201344","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"2","key":"550_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000081","volume":"2","author":"Y Hacohen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hacohen Y, Absoud M, Deiva K et al (2015) Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies are associated with a\u00a0non-MS course in children. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2(2):e81","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"7758","key":"550_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)91155-5","volume":"1","author":"AM Halliday","year":"1972","unstructured":"Halliday AM, McDonald WI, Mushin J (1972) Delayed visual evoked response in optic neuritis. Lancet 1(7758):982\u2013985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"550_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000344570.90113.07","volume":"72","author":"RW Hamill","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hamill RW, Kurtzke JF (2009) George A. Schumacher, MD, FAAN (1912\u20132008). Neurology 72(11):954","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"550_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30043-6","volume":"15","author":"TA Hardy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hardy TA, Reddel SW, Barnett MH et\u00a0al (2016) Atypical inflammatory demyelinating syndromes of the CNS. Lancet Neurol 15(9):967\u2013981","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"550_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21880","volume":"66","author":"H-P Hartung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hartung H\u2011P, Aktas O (2009) Bleak prospects for primary progressive multiple sclerosis therapy. Downs and downs, but a\u00a0glimmer of hope. Ann Neurol 66(4):429\u2013432","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"550_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21867","volume":"66","author":"K Hawker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hawker K, O\u2019Connor P, Freedman MS et al (2009) Rituximab in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Results of a\u00a0randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Ann Neurol 66(4):460\u2013471","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"550_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513493033","volume":"19","author":"H-M Hummel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hummel H\u2011M, Br\u00fcck W, Dreha-Kulaczewski S et al (2013) Pediatric onset multiple sclerosis: McDonald criteria 2010 and the contribution of spinal cord MRI. Mult Scler 19(10):1330\u20131335","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"5","key":"550_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24938","volume":"81","author":"P Iaffaldano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iaffaldano P, Simone M, Lucisano G et\u00a0al (2017) Prognostic indicators in pediatric clinically isolated syndrome. Ann Neurol 81(5):729\u2013739","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"550_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-14","volume":"9","author":"S Jarius","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Wildemann B et\u00a0al (2012) Contrasting disease patterns in seropositive and seronegative neuromyelitis optica. A multicentre study of 175 patients. J\u00a0Neuroinflammation 9:14","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"550_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-11-129","volume":"11","author":"S Jarius","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jarius S, Paul F, Fechner K et al (2014) Aquaporin-4 antibody testing. Direct comparison of M1-AQP4-DNA-transfected cells with leaky scanning versus M23-AQP4-DNA-transfected cells as antigenic substrate. J\u00a0Neuroinflammation 11:129","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"550_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0718-0","volume":"13","author":"S Jarius","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I et al (2016) MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders. A multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 2: epidemiology, clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory features, treatment responses, and long-term outcome. J\u00a0Neuroinflammation 13(1):280","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"550_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0717-1","volume":"13","author":"S Jarius","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jarius S, Ruprecht K, Kleiter I et al (2016) MOG-IgG in NMO and related disorders: a\u00a0multicenter study of 50 patients. Part 1: Frequency, syndrome specificity, influence of disease activity, long-term course, association with AQP4-IgG, and origin. J\u00a0Neuroinflammation 13(1):279","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"550_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24682","volume":"80","author":"VG Jokubaitis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jokubaitis VG, Spelman T, Kalincik T et al (2016) Predictors of long-term disability accrual in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 80(1):89\u2013100","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"550_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513501230","volume":"20","author":"H Kang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kang H, Metz LM, Traboulsee AL et\u00a0al (2014) Application and a\u00a0proposed modification of the 2010 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in a\u00a0Canadian cohort of patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Mult Scler 20(4):458\u2013463","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"16","key":"550_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003235","volume":"87","author":"BM Keegan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Keegan BM, Kaufmann TJ, Weinshenker BG et\u00a0al (2016) Progressive solitary sclerosis: gradual motor impairment from a\u00a0single CNS demyelinating lesion. Neurology 87(16):1713\u20131719","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"550_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285617709723","volume":"10","author":"S-M Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim S\u2011M, Kim S\u2011J, Lee HJ et al (2017) Differential diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 10(7):265\u2013289","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"550_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512444661","volume":"18","author":"B Kornek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kornek B, Schmitl B, Vass K et\u00a0al (2012) Evaluation of the 2010 McDonald multiple sclerosis criteria in children with a\u00a0clinically isolated syndrome. Mult Scler 18(12):1768\u20131774","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(06)70353-2","volume":"5","author":"T Korteweg","year":"2006","unstructured":"Korteweg T, Tintor\u00e9 M, Uitdehaag B et al (2006) MRI criteria for dissemination in space in patients with clinically isolated syndromes. A multicentre follow-up study. Lancet Neurol 5(3):221\u2013227","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"16 Suppl 2","key":"550_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000259422.44235.a8","volume":"68","author":"LB Krupp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Krupp LB, Banwell B, Tenembaum S (2007) Consensus definitions proposed for pediatric multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Neurology 68(16 Suppl 2):S7\u2013S12","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"550_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513484547","volume":"19","author":"LB Krupp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Krupp LB, Tardieu M, Amato MP et al (2013) International pediatric multiple sclerosis study group criteria for pediatric multiple sclerosis and immune-mediated central nervous system demyelinating disorders. Revisions to the 2007 definitions. Mult Scler 19(10):1261\u20131267","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"550_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c7357","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c7357","volume":"342","author":"T Kurth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kurth T, Mohamed S, Maillard P et al (2011) Headache, migraine, and structural brain lesions and function. Population based Epidemiology of Vascular Ageing-MRI study. BMJ 342:c7357","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"550_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1579738","volume":"36","author":"JY Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee JY, Chitnis T (2016) Pediatric multiple sclerosis. Semin Neurol 36(2):148\u2013153","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"550_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050304","volume":"202","author":"VA Lennon","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lennon VA, Kryzer TJ, Pittock SJ et al (2005) IgG marker of optic-spinal multiple sclerosis binds to the aquaporin-4 water channel. J\u00a0Exp Med 202(4):473\u2013477","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"550_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e395","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000395","volume":"4","author":"N Makhani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Makhani N, Lebrun C, Siva A et\u00a0al (2017) Radiologically isolated syndrome in children. Clinical and radiologic outcomes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 4(6):e395","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/93.3.583","volume":"93","author":"WI McDonald","year":"1970","unstructured":"McDonald WI, Sears TA (1970) The effects of experimental demyelination on conduction in the central nervous system. Brain 93(3):583\u2013598","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"550_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1032","volume":"50","author":"WI McDonald","year":"2001","unstructured":"McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G et\u00a0al (2001) Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 50(1):121\u2013127","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"550_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002994","volume":"87","author":"AE Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller AE, Pelletier D (2016) Multiple sclerosis. Rapid diagnosis or right diagnosis? Neurology 87(7):652\u2013653","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"550_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458508096878","volume":"14","author":"DH Miller","year":"2008","unstructured":"Miller DH, Weinshenker BG, Filippi M et\u00a0al (2008) Differential diagnosis of suspected multiple sclerosis. A consensus approach. Mult Scler 14(9):1157\u20131174","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606468","volume":"376","author":"X Montalban","year":"2017","unstructured":"Montalban X, Hauser SL, Kappos L et\u00a0al (2017) Ocrelizumab versus placebo in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. N\u00a0Engl J Med 376(3):209\u2013220","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"550_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181bd69a9","volume":"73","author":"F Moore","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moore F, Okuda DT (2009) Incidental MRI anomalies suggestive of multiple sclerosis. The radiologically isolated syndrome. Neurology 73(20):1714","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"550_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31820d8b1d","volume":"76","author":"DT Okuda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Okuda DT, Mowry EM, Cree BAC et\u00a0al (2011) Asymptomatic spinal cord lesions predict disease progression in radiologically isolated syndrome. Neurology 76(8):686\u2013692","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90509","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090509","volume":"9","author":"DT Okuda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Okuda DT, Siva A, Kantarci O et al (2014) Radiologically isolated syndrome. 5\u2011year risk for an initial clinical event. PLoS ONE 9(3):e90509","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"550_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-307275","volume":"85","author":"M Pardini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pardini M, Uccelli A, Grafman J et\u00a0al (2014) Isolated cognitive relapses in multiple sclerosis. J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 85(9):1035\u20131037","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"550_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040133","volume":"4","author":"F Paul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Paul F, Jarius S, Aktas O et\u00a0al (2007) Antibody to aquaporin 4 in the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica. Plos Med 4(4):e133","journal-title":"Plos Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1123","volume":"50","author":"JW Peterson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peterson JW, B\u00f6 L, M\u00f6rk S et\u00a0al (2001) Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions. Ann Neurol 50(3):389\u2013400","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"550_CR58","first-page":"205","volume":"29","author":"J Planitzer","year":"1983","unstructured":"Planitzer J, Zschenderlein R (1983) M\u00f6glichkeiten und Grenzen computertomographischer Hirnstamm-Diagnostik (Possibilities and limitations of computer tomographic brain stem diagnosis). Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol Beih 29:205\u2013214","journal-title":"Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol Beih"},{"issue":"6","key":"550_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20703","volume":"58","author":"CH Polman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Polman CH, Reingold SC, Edan G et\u00a0al (2005) Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. 2005 revisions to the \u201cMcDonald Criteria\u201d. Ann Neurol 58(6):840\u2013846","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"550_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366","volume":"69","author":"CH Polman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Polman CH, Reingold SC, Banwell B et\u00a0al (2011) Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. 2010 revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol 69(2):292\u2013302","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410130302","volume":"13","author":"CM Poser","year":"1983","unstructured":"Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L et\u00a0al (1983) New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 13(3):227\u2013231","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"6 PT 2","key":"550_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.26.6_Part_2.20","volume":"26","author":"AS Rose","year":"1976","unstructured":"Rose AS, Ellison GW, Myers LW et\u00a0al (1976) Criteria for the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 26(6 PT 2):20\u201322","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"550_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.2956","volume":"69","author":"K Rostasy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rostasy K, Mader S, Schanda K et al (2012) Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies in pediatric patients with optic neuritis. Arch Neurol 69(6):752\u2013756","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"550_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2016.05.005","volume":"37","author":"A Rovira","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rovira A, Auger C (2016) Spinal Cord in multiple sclerosis. Magnetic resonance imaging features and differential diagnosis. Semin Ultrasound Ct Mr 37(5):396\u2013410","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound Ct Mr"},{"issue":"8","key":"550_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.106","volume":"11","author":"\u00c0 Rovira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rovira \u00c0, Wattjes MP, Tintor\u00e9 M et al (2015) Evidence-based guidelines. MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the use of MRI in multiple sclerosis-clinical implementation in the diagnostic process. Nat Rev Neurol 11(8):471\u2013482","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"550_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23575","volume":"72","author":"Y Sadaka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sadaka Y, Verhey LH, Shroff MM et\u00a0al (2012) 2010 McDonald criteria for diagnosing pediatric multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 72(2):211\u2013223","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"550_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318247cc8c","volume":"78","author":"WF Schmalstieg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schmalstieg WF, Keegan BM, Weinshenker BG (2012) Solitary sclerosis. Progressive myelopathy from solitary demyelinating lesion. Neurology 78(8):540\u2013544","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"550_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1965.tb20235.x","volume":"122","author":"GA Schumacher","year":"1965","unstructured":"Schumacher GA, Beebe G, Kibler RF et\u00a0al (1965) Problems of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis. Report by the panel on the evaluation of experimental trials of therapy in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 122:552\u2013568","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"550_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx292","volume":"140","author":"J Seze de","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Seze J (2017) MOG-antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Is it a\u00a0separate disease? Brain 140(12):3072\u20133075","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"550_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-016-0420-7","volume":"18","author":"M Simone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simone M, Chitnis T (2016) Use of disease-modifying therapies in pediatric MS. Curr Treat Options Neurol 18(8):36","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12712","volume":"136","author":"P Soelberg Sorensen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soelberg Sorensen P (2017) Safety concerns and risk management of multiple sclerosis therapies. Acta Neurol Scand 136(3):168\u2013186","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"24","key":"550_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318259e1b2","volume":"78","author":"AJ Solomon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Solomon AJ, Klein EP, Bourdette D (2012) \u201cUndiagnosing\u201d multiple sclerosis. The challenge of misdiagnosis in MS. Neurology 78(24):1986\u20131991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"13","key":"550_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003152","volume":"87","author":"AJ Solomon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Solomon AJ, Bourdette DN, Cross AH et\u00a0al (2016) The contemporary spectrum of multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis. A multicenter study. Neurology 87(13):1393\u20131399","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"550_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.41","volume":"9","author":"M Stangel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stangel M, Fredrikson S, Meinl E et\u00a0al (2013) The utility of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 9(5):267\u2013276","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"9 Suppl 2","key":"550_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002877","volume":"87","author":"M Tardieu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tardieu M, Banwell B, Wolinsky JS et\u00a0al (2016) Consensus definitions for pediatric MS and other demyelinating disorders in childhood. Neurology 87(9 Suppl 2):S8\u2013S11","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"550_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","volume":"17","author":"A Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson A, Banwell BL, Barkhof F et\u00a0al (2018) Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: recommended 2017 revisions of the \u201cMcDonald\u201d criteria. Lancet Neurol 17(2):162\u2013173. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"550_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.1.60","volume":"42","author":"AJ Thompson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Thompson AJ, Miller D, Youl B et al (1992) Serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI in relapsing\/remitting multiple sclerosis of varying disease duration. Neurology 42(1):60\u201363","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"550_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/135245850100700603","volume":"7","author":"M Tintor\u00e9","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tintor\u00e9 M, Rovira A, Brieva L et\u00a0al (2001) Isolated demyelinating syndromes. Comparison of CSF oligoclonal bands and different MR imaging criteria to predict conversion to CDMS. Mult Scler 7(6):359\u2013363","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"1","key":"550_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.60.1.27","volume":"60","author":"M Tintor\u00e9","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tintor\u00e9 M, Rovira A, R\u00edo J et\u00a0al (2003) New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis. Application in first demyelinating episode. Neurology 60(1):27\u201330","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"13 Pt 2","key":"550_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000280576.73609.c6","volume":"70","author":"M Tintor\u00e9","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tintor\u00e9 M, Rovira A, R\u00edo J et\u00a0al (2008) Do oligoclonal bands add information to MRI in first attacks of multiple sclerosis? Neurology 70(13 Pt 2):1079\u20131083","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"550_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv105","volume":"138","author":"M Tintore","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tintore M, Rovira \u00c0, R\u00edo J et\u00a0al (2015) Defining high, medium and low impact prognostic factors for developing multiple sclerosis. Brain 138(Pt 7):1863\u20131874","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"13","key":"550_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003144","volume":"87","author":"M Tintore","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tintore M, Otero-Romero S, R\u00edo J et al (2016) Contribution of the symptomatic lesion in establishing MS diagnosis and prognosis. Neurology 87(13):1368\u20131374","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"550_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7169-7","volume":"261","author":"C Trebst","year":"2014","unstructured":"Trebst C, Jarius S, Berthele A et\u00a0al (2014) Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica. Recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). J\u00a0Neurol 261(1):1\u201316","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"550_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22508","volume":"70","author":"H Tumani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tumani H, Deisenhammer F, Giovannoni G et\u00a0al (2011) Revised McDonald criteria. The persisting importance of cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Ann Neurol 70(3):520 (author reply 521)","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"550_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-312601","volume":"87","author":"P Waters","year":"2016","unstructured":"Waters P, Reindl M, Saiz A et al (2016) Multicentre comparison of a\u00a0diagnostic assay. Aquaporin-4 antibodies in neuromyelitis optica. J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 87(9):1005\u20131015","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr"},{"issue":"8","key":"550_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-008-0861-3","volume":"255","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wattjes MP, Harzheim M, Lutterbey GG et\u00a0al (2008) Does high field MRI allow an earlier diagnosis of multiple sclerosis? J\u00a0Neurol 255(8):1159\u20131163","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"550_CR87","first-page":"597","volume":"11","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wattjes MP, Rovira \u00c0, Miller D et al (2015) Evidence-based guidelines. MAGNIMS consensus guidelines on the use of MRI in multiple sclerosis\u2014establishing disease prognosis and monitoring patients. Nat Rev Neurol 11(10):597\u2013606","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"550_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-015-0430-y","volume":"25","author":"MP Wattjes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wattjes MP, Steenwijk MD, Stangel M (2015) MRI in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis. An Update. Clin Neuroradiol 25(Suppl 2):157\u2013165","journal-title":"Clin Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"550_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30076-5","volume":"16","author":"JMA Wijnands","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wijnands JMA, Kingwell E, Zhu F et al (2017) Health-care use before a\u00a0first demyelinating event suggestive of a\u00a0multiple sclerosis prodrome. A matched cohort study. Lancet Neurol 16(6):445\u2013451","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"550_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","volume":"85","author":"DM Wingerchuk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL et\u00a0al (2015) International Panel for NMO Diagnosis. Neurology. 85(2):177\u2013189. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001729","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Der Nervenarzt"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00115-018-0550-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00115-018-0550-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00115-018-0550-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T23:09:09Z","timestamp":1559776149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00115-018-0550-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00115-018-0550-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-2804","1433-0407"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-2804","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-0407","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2018","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien"}},{"value":"O.\u00a0Aktas erhielt Forschungsf\u00f6rderung durch Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, und Teva, sowie Honorare und Reisekostenunterst\u00fctzung durch Almirall, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Medimmune, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme und Teva, mit Genehmigung der Rektorin der Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf. M.P.\u00a0Wattjes erhielt Vortrags- und Beratungshonorare von Biogen, Novartis, IXICO, Janssen, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme und Springer mit Genehmigung des Pr\u00e4sidiums der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover. M.\u00a0Stangel erhielt Referentenhonorare, Reisekostenzusch\u00fcsse und Beraterhonorare von Biogen, Baxalta\/Shire, Bayer Vital, CSL Behring, Grifols, MedDay, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme und Teva. Seine Institution erhielt Forschungsunterst\u00fctzung von Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme und Teva. H.-P.\u00a0Hartung erhielt Honorare f\u00fcr Beratungs- und Vortragst\u00e4tigkeiten und Mitarbeit in steering committees von Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, GeNeuro, MedImmune, Merck, Novartis, Receptos Celgene, Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme und Teva, mit Genehmigung der Rektorin der Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Interessenkonflikt"}},{"value":"Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgef\u00fchrten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}