{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T11:27:21Z","timestamp":1742642841380},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nervenarzt"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Zusammenfassung<\/jats:title><jats:p>Zahlreiche neuroimmunologische Krankheitsbilder wie Enzephalopathien, Enzephalitiden, Myelitiden oder ADEM (akute disseminierte Enzephalomyelitis) sind nach einer Infektion mit SARS-CoV\u20112 (\u201esevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2\u201c) geh\u00e4uft aufgetreten, was f\u00fcr einen para- oder postinfekti\u00f6sen Zusammenhang spricht. Urs\u00e4chlich ist wahrscheinlich eine virusgetriggerte \u00dcberaktivierung des Immunsystems mit Hyperinflammation und Zytokin-Sturm, aber m\u00f6glicherweise auch die Bildung spezifischer Autoantik\u00f6rper gegen Gewebe des Zentralnervensystems, die sich vor allem im Liquor schwerkranker COVID-19(\u201ecoronavirus disease 2019\u201c)-Patienten finden lassen. Eine direkte Sch\u00e4digung durch die Invasion von SARS-CoV\u20112 ins Gehirn oder R\u00fcckenmark scheint keine relevante Rolle zu spielen. Bei Patienten mit Multipler Sklerose, Myasthenie oder anderen neuroimmunologischen Krankheitsbildern wird die Anf\u00e4lligkeit f\u00fcr eine SARS-CoV-2-Infektion sowie das Risiko eines schweren Verlaufs nicht durch die immunmodulierende Therapie bestimmt, sondern durch bekannte Risikofaktoren wie Alter, Komorbidit\u00e4ten und den krankheitsbedingten Grad der Behinderung. Immuntherapien sollten bei diesen Patienten daher nicht verschoben oder pausiert werden. Inwieweit neuroimmunologische Mechanismen auch f\u00fcr Langzeitfolgen nach \u00fcberstandener COVID-19-Erkrankung \u2013\u00a0wie Fatigue, Ged\u00e4chtnis\u2011, Schlaf- oder Angstst\u00f6rungen\u00a0\u2013 verantwortlich sind, werden klinische Verlaufsuntersuchungen u.\u202fa. in COVID-19-Registerstudien zeigen.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-021-01077-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T14:03:09Z","timestamp":1614693789000},"page":"521-530","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neuroimmunologie von COVID\u201119","Neuroimmunology of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Thomas","family":"Skripuletz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"M\u00f6hn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiana","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Pr\u00fc\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"1077_CR1","first-page":"20200098","volume":"6","author":"M Abdelhady","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdelhady\u00a0M, Elsotouhy\u00a0A, Vattoth\u00a0S (2020) Acute flaccid myelitis in COVID-19. BJR Case Rep 6:20200098","journal-title":"BJR Case Rep"},{"key":"1077_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.07.074","volume":"80","author":"D Aguila-Gordo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aguila-Gordo\u00a0D, Manuel Flores-Barragan\u00a0J, Ferragut-Lloret\u00a0F et al (2020) Acute myelitis and SARS-CoV\u20112 infection. A new etiology of myelitis? J\u00a0Clin Neurosci 80:280\u2013281","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1077_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9053","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14754","volume":"8","author":"AA Al-Qahtani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Qahtani\u00a0AA, Lyroni\u00a0K, Aznaourova\u00a0M et al (2017) Middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus spike glycoprotein suppresses macrophage responses via DPP4-mediated induction of IRAK\u2011M and PPARgamma. Oncotarget 8:9053\u20139066","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"1077_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26918","volume":"62","author":"P Anand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anand\u00a0P, Slama\u00a0MCC, Kaku\u00a0M et al (2020) COVID-19 in patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve 62:254\u2013258","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"1077_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24083","volume":"75","author":"T Armangue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Armangue\u00a0T, Leypoldt\u00a0F, Malaga\u00a0I et\u00a0al (2014) Herpes simplex virus encephalitis is a\u00a0trigger of brain autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 75:317\u2013323","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1077_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30244-8","volume":"17","author":"T Armangue","year":"2018","unstructured":"Armangue\u00a0T, Spatola\u00a0M, Vlagea\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2018) Frequency, symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis after herpes simplex encephalitis: a\u00a0prospective observational study and retrospective analysis. Lancet Neurol 17:760\u2013772","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1077_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70204-4","volume":"13","author":"A Assiri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Assiri\u00a0A, Al-Tawfiq\u00a0JA, Al-Rabeeah\u00a0AA et al (2013) Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47\u00a0cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a\u00a0descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 13:752\u2013761","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-00097-7","volume":"2","author":"P Berlit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Berlit\u00a0P, Bosel\u00a0J, Gahn\u00a0G et al (2020) \u201cNeurological manifestations of COVID-19\u201d\u2014guideline of the German society of neurology. Neurol Res Pract 2:51","journal-title":"Neurol Res Pract"},{"key":"1077_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/492166a","volume":"492","author":"D Butler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Butler\u00a0D (2012) Clusters of coronavirus cases put scientists on alert. Nature 492:166\u2013167","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"1077_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa337","volume":"143","author":"A Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao A, Rohaut B, Le Guennec L et al (2020) Severe COVID-19-related encephalitis can respond to immunotherapy. Brain 143(12):e102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa337","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"12","key":"1077_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9124066","volume":"9","author":"N Capasso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Capasso N, Palladino R, Montella E et al (2020) Prevalence of SARS-CoV\u20112 antibodies in multiple sclerosis: the hidden part of the iceberg. J Clin Med 9(12):4066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9124066","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1077_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520926459","volume":"26","author":"T Carandini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carandini\u00a0T, Pietroboni\u00a0AM, Sacchi\u00a0L et al (2020) Alemtuzumab in multiple sclerosis during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mild uncomplicated infection despite intense immunosuppression. Mult Scler 26:1268\u20131269","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"1077_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01131","volume":"11","author":"M Cardone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cardone\u00a0M, Yano\u00a0M, Rosenberg\u00a0AS et al (2020) Lessons learned to date on COVID-19 hyperinflammatory syndrome: considerations for interventions to mitigate SARS-CoV\u20112 viral infection and detrimental Hyperinflammation. Front Immunol 11:1131","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1077_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8534-z","volume":"59","author":"R Channappanavar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Channappanavar\u00a0R, Zhao\u00a0J, Perlman\u00a0S (2014) T cell-mediated immune response to respiratory coronaviruses. Immunol Res 59:118\u2013128","journal-title":"Immunol Res"},{"key":"1077_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.02.018","volume":"454\u2013455","author":"H Chu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chu\u00a0H, Zhou\u00a0J, Wong\u00a0BH et al (2014) Productive replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in monocyte-derived dendritic cells modulates innate immune response. Virology 454\u2013455:197\u2013205","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"1077_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102392","volume":"45","author":"E Ciampi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ciampi\u00a0E, Uribe-San-Martin\u00a0R, Soler\u00a0B et al (2020) COVID-19 in MS and NMOSD: a multicentric online national survey in Chile. Mult Scler Relat Disord 45:102392","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"1077_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102199","volume":"44","author":"MA Creed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Creed\u00a0MA, Ballesteros\u00a0E, Greenfield\u00a0LJ Jr et al (2020) Mild COVID-19 infection despite chronic B cell depletion in a\u00a0patient with aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler Relat Disord 44:102199","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"1077_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.25756","volume":"26","author":"L D\u2019antiga","year":"2020","unstructured":"D\u2019antiga\u00a0L (2020) Coronaviruses and immunosuppressed patients: the facts during the third epidemic. Liver Transpl 26:832\u2013834","journal-title":"Liver Transpl"},{"key":"1077_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323678","volume":"91","author":"L Delamarre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delamarre\u00a0L, Gollion\u00a0C, Grouteau\u00a0G et al (2020) COVID-19-associated acute necrotising encephalopathy successfully treated with steroids and polyvalent immunoglobulin with unusual IgG targeting the cerebral fibre network. J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91:1004\u20131006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1077_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e787","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000787","volume":"7","author":"M Fan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fan M, Qiu W, Bu B et al (2020) Risk of COVID-19 infection in MS and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 7(5):e787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000787","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"1077_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.12.022","author":"C Franke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Franke\u00a0C, Ferse\u00a0C, Kreye\u00a0J et al (2020) High frequency of cerebrospinal fluid autoantibodies in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms. Brain Behav Immun. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.12.022","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"1077_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0448-7","volume":"16","author":"C Galeotti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galeotti\u00a0C, Bayry\u00a0J (2020) Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases following COVID-19. Nat Rev Rheumatol 16:413\u2013414","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"1077_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guilmot A, Maldonado Slootjes S, Sellimi A et al (2020) Immune-mediated neurological syndromes in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. J\u00a0Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10108-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10108-x"},{"key":"1077_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2008597","volume":"382","author":"J Helms","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helms\u00a0J, Kremer\u00a0S, Merdji\u00a0H et al (2020) Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV\u20112 infection. N\u00a0Engl J Med 382:2268\u20132270","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1077_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heming M, Li X, Rauber S et al (2020) Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 feature T cell exhaustion and dedifferentiated monocytes in cerebrospinal fluid. Immunity 54(1):164\u2013175.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.12.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.12.011"},{"key":"1077_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx177","volume":"140","author":"LA Hoffman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hoffman\u00a0LA, Vilensky\u00a0JA (2017) Encephalitis lethargica: 100\u00a0years after the epidemic. Brain 140:2246\u20132251","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1077_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","volume":"395","author":"C Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang\u00a0C, Wang\u00a0Y, Li\u00a0X et\u00a0al (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395:497\u2013506","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1077_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323565","volume":"91","author":"A Hubers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hubers\u00a0A, Lascano\u00a0AM, Lalive\u00a0PH (2020) Management of patients with generalised myasthenia gravis and COVID-19: four case reports. J\u00a0Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91:1124\u20131125","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1077_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858402239587","volume":"9","author":"GR John","year":"2003","unstructured":"John\u00a0GR, Lee\u00a0SC, Brosnan\u00a0CF (2003) Cytokines: powerful regulators of glial cell activation. Neuroscientist 9:10\u201322","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"1077_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1874","volume":"14","author":"R Kain","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kain\u00a0R, Exner\u00a0M, Brandes\u00a0R et al (2008) Molecular mimicry in pauci-immune focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis. Nat Med 14:1088\u20131096","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"1077_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2020.07.017","volume":"112","author":"H Kaur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaur\u00a0H, Mason\u00a0JA, Bajracharya\u00a0M et al (2020) Transverse myelitis in a\u00a0child with COVID-19. Pediatr Neurol 112:5\u20136","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1077_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2029540","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29540","volume":"3","author":"M Kennedy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kennedy\u00a0M, Helfand\u00a0BKI, Gou\u00a0RY et al (2020) Delirium in older patients with COVID-19 presenting to the emergency department. JAMA Netw Open 3:e2029540","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"1077_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102437","volume":"45","author":"M Kloc","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kloc\u00a0M, Ghobrial\u00a0RM (2020) The multiple sclerosis (MS) drugs as a\u00a0potential treatment of ARDS in COVID-19 patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 45:102437","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"1077_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.049","volume":"183","author":"J Kreye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kreye\u00a0J, Reincke\u00a0SM, Kornau\u00a0HC et al (2020) A therapeutic non-self-reactive SARS-coV\u20112 antibody protects from lung pathology in a\u00a0COVID-19 hamster model. Cell 183:1058\u20131069.e19","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1077_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00458-y","volume":"20","author":"J Kreye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kreye\u00a0J, Reincke\u00a0SM, Pruss\u00a0H (2020) Do cross-reactive antibodies cause neuropathology in COVID-19? Nat Rev Immunol 20:645\u2013646","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"1077_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51210","volume":"7","author":"EM Liotta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liotta\u00a0EM, Batra\u00a0A, Clark\u00a0JR et al (2020) Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy-associated morbidity in Covid-19 patients. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 7:2221\u20132230","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"1077_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Louapre C, Maillart E, Papeix C et\u00a0al (2020) Outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with neuromyelitis optica and associated disorders. Eur J Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ene.14612","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14612"},{"key":"1077_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.299174","volume":"68","author":"M Mccuddy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mccuddy\u00a0M, Kelkar\u00a0P, Zhao\u00a0Y et al (2020) Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in COVID-19 infection: a case series. Neurol India 68:1192\u20131195","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"1077_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","volume":"395","author":"P Mehta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehta\u00a0P, McAuley\u00a0DF, Brown\u00a0M et al (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 395:1033\u20131034","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1077_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.026","volume":"81","author":"C Minotti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Minotti\u00a0C, Tirelli\u00a0F, Barbieri\u00a0E et al (2020) How is immunosuppressive status affecting children and adults in SARS-CoV\u20112 infection? A systematic review. J\u00a0Infect 81:e61\u2013e66","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"1077_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohn N, Konen FF, Pul R et al (2020) Experience in multiple sclerosis patients with COVID-19 and disease-modifying therapies: a review of 873 published cases. J\u00a0Clin Med 9(12):4067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9124067","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9124067"},{"key":"1077_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","volume":"94","author":"T Moriguchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moriguchi\u00a0T, Harii\u00a0N, Goto\u00a0J et al (2020) A first case of meningitis\/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus\u20112. Int J Infect Dis 94:55\u201358","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Muccioli L, Pensato U, Bernabe G et al (2020) Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in COVID-19-related encephalopathy. J\u00a0Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10248-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10248-0"},{"key":"1077_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2196","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09934-w","volume":"267","author":"M Munz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Munz\u00a0M, Wessendorf\u00a0S, Koretsis\u00a0G et al (2020) Acute transverse myelitis after COVID-19 pneumonia. J\u00a0Neurol 267:2196\u20132197","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1077_CR45","unstructured":"https:\/\/napkon.de\/"},{"key":"1077_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09951-9","volume":"267","author":"T Parsons","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parsons\u00a0T, Banks\u00a0S, Bae\u00a0C et al (2020) COVID-19-associated acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). J\u00a0Neurol 267:2799\u20132802","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"1077_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa240","volume":"143","author":"RW Paterson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paterson\u00a0RW, Brown\u00a0RL, Benjamin\u00a0L et al (2020) The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. Brain 143:3104\u20133120","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1077_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520941485","volume":"26","author":"LM Peeters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peeters\u00a0LM, Parciak\u00a0T, Walton\u00a0C et al (2020) COVID-19 in people with multiple sclerosis: A global data sharing initiative. Mult Scler 26:1157\u20131162","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"1077_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13412-5","volume":"361","author":"JS Peiris","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peiris\u00a0JS, Chu\u00a0CM, Cheng\u00a0VC et al (2003) Clinical progression and viral load in a\u00a0community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a\u00a0prospective study. Lancet 361:1767\u20131772","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1077_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E119","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020201187","volume":"296","author":"N Poyiadji","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poyiadji\u00a0N, Shahin\u00a0G, Noujaim\u00a0D et al (2020) COVID-19-associated acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy: imaging features. Radiology 296:E119\u2013E120","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1077_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000445","volume":"30","author":"H Pruss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pruss\u00a0H (2017) Postviral autoimmune encephalitis: manifestations in children and adults. Curr Opin Neurol 30:327\u2013333","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"1077_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23689","volume":"72","author":"H Pruss","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pruss\u00a0H, Finke\u00a0C, Holtje\u00a0M et al (2012) N\u2011methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis. Ann Neurol 72:902\u2013911","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1077_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e767","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009829","volume":"95","author":"P Rabano-Suarez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rabano-Suarez\u00a0P, Bermejo-Guerrero\u00a0L, Mendez-Guerrero\u00a0A et al (2020) Generalized myoclonus in COVID-19. Neurology 95:e767\u2013e772","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1077_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x","volume":"46","author":"Q Ruan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruan\u00a0Q, Yang\u00a0K, Wang\u00a0W et al (2020) Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med 46:846\u2013848","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"1077_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI78084","volume":"125","author":"J Suurmond","year":"2015","unstructured":"Suurmond\u00a0J, Diamond\u00a0B (2015) Autoantibodies in systemic autoimmune diseases: specificity and pathogenicity. J\u00a0Clin Invest 125:2194\u20132202","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1077_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.12.002","volume":"92","author":"EF Wijdicks","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wijdicks\u00a0EF, Klein\u00a0CJ (2017) Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 92:467\u2013479","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"1077_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1310.070576","volume":"13","author":"LP Wu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wu\u00a0LP, Wang\u00a0NC, Chang\u00a0YH et\u00a0al (2007) Duration of antibody responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome. Emerg Infect Dis 13:1562\u20131564","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1077_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2006.05.002","volume":"120","author":"LT Yang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yang\u00a0LT, Peng\u00a0H, Zhu\u00a0ZL et al (2006) Long-lived effector\/central memory T\u2011cell responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) S antigen in recovered SARS patients. Clin Immunol 120:171\u2013178","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"1077_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10112-1","author":"S Zeidan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeidan S, Maillart E, Louapre C et al (2020) COVID-19 infection in NMO\/SD patients: a\u00a0French survey. J\u00a0Neurol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00415-020-10112-1","journal-title":"Neurol"},{"key":"1077_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60454-8","volume":"386","author":"A Zumla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zumla\u00a0A, Hui\u00a0DS, Perlman\u00a0S (2015) Middle East respiratory syndrome. Lancet 386:995\u20131007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1077_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mulder J et\u00a0al (2020) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.07.23.20160770v1","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.23.20160770v1"},{"key":"1077_CR62","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.dmsg.de\/multiple-sklerose-news\/dmsg-aktuell\/?no_cache=1. Zugegriffen: 12.02.2021"},{"key":"1077_CR63","unstructured":"https:\/\/dgn.org\/neuronews\/neuronews\/aktualisierter-kommentar-immuntherapien-bei-neuroimmunologischen-erkrankungen-vor-dem-hintergrund-der-sars-cov-2-pandemie-2\/. Zugegriffen: 20.02.2021"},{"key":"1077_CR64","unstructured":"https:\/\/www.dgni.de\/forschung\/ignite-initiative-klinischer-multizenter-studien\/aktuelle-projekte\/737-pandemic.html. Zugegriffen: 12.12.2020"}],"container-title":["Der Nervenarzt"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00115-021-01077-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00115-021-01077-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00115-021-01077-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]],"date-time":"2024-08-25T04:54:36Z","timestamp":1724561676000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00115-021-01077-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1077"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00115-021-01077-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-2804","1433-0407"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0028-2804"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1433-0407"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien"}},{"value":"T.\u00a0Skripuletz, N.\u00a0M\u00f6hn, C.\u00a0Franke und H.\u00a0Pr\u00fc\u00df geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Interessenkonflikt"}},{"value":"F\u00fcr diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autoren keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgef\u00fchrt. F\u00fcr die aufgef\u00fchrten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Interessenkonflikt"}}]}}