{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T17:33:51Z","timestamp":1789666431641,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012320","name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012320","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nervenarzt"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The classification of psychotic disorders has undergone a\u00a0variety of changes. Since Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum\u2019s (Kahlbaum 1874) first descriptions of catatonic states and Emil Kraepelin\u2019s (Kraepelin 1883) nosological classification of psychotic syndromes in the second half of the nineteenth century, the diagnostic criteria for these disorders have been repeatedly modified, significantly impacting clinical practice. Eugen Bleuler (Bleuler 1911) coined the term \u201cschizophrenia\u201d, emphasizing the disturbances in thinking, feeling and acting that he had observed. With the introduction of the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), several significant changes to the diagnostic criteria were introduced. First-line symptoms according to Schneider lost importance. The subtypes (e.g., paranoid, hebephrenic and catatonic schizophrenia) were also omitted and symptom and progression classifiers have been introduced instead. Finally, catatonia is now defined as an independent diagnostic entity, while in ICD-10 it was still assigned to schizophrenia under the code F20.2. This recognizes catatonia\u2019s independent, cross-diagnostic nature. Due to these symptom and progression classifiers, the ICD-11 now takes a\u00a0more a\u00a0hybrid categorical and dimensional approach to the diagnosis than the previous version.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-025-01861-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T05:47:41Z","timestamp":1756964861000},"page":"11-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Schizophrenia and catatonia: from ICD-10 to ICD-11","Schizophrenie und Katatonie: von der ICD-10 zur ICD-11. Englische Version"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Nickl-Jockschat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Hirjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1861_CR1","first-page":"412","volume":"117","author":"A Hasan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hasan\u00a0A, Falkai\u00a0P, Lehmann\u00a0I, Gaebel\u00a0W (2020) Schizophrenia. Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int 117:412\u2013419","journal-title":"Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int"},{"key":"1861_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-019-0735-1","volume":"90","author":"L Tebartz van Elst","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tebartz van Elst\u00a0L, Bechter\u00a0K, Pruss\u00a0H, Hasan\u00a0A, Steiner\u00a0JH, Leypoldt\u00a0F, Endres\u00a0D (2019) Autoantibody-associated schizophreniform psychoses: pathophysiology, diagnostics, and treatment. Nervenarzt 90:745\u2013761","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"1861_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2022.06.003","volume":"263","author":"D Hirjak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hirjak\u00a0D, Foucher\u00a0JR, Ams\u00a0M, Jeanjean\u00a0LC, Kubera\u00a0KM, Wolf\u00a0RC, Northoff\u00a0G (2024) The origins of catatonia\u2014Systematic review of historical texts between 1800 and 1900. Schizophr Res 263:6\u201317","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1861_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac196","volume":"145","author":"D Hirjak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hirjak\u00a0D, Wolf\u00a0RC, Landwehrmeyer\u00a0GB, Catatonia\u00a0NG (2022) looking back and moving forward. Brain 145:2939\u20132942","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"1861_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-06857-6","volume":"25","author":"JP Rogers","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rogers\u00a0JP, Wilson\u00a0JE, Oldham\u00a0MA (2025) Catatonia in ICD-11. Bmc Psychiatry 25:405","journal-title":"Bmc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1861_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.12.036","volume":"164","author":"JE Wilson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wilson\u00a0JE, Niu\u00a0K, Nicolson\u00a0SE, Levine\u00a0SZ, Heckers\u00a0S (2015) The diagnostic criteria and structure of catatonia. Schizophr Res 164:256\u2013262","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"1861_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811231158232","volume":"37","author":"JP Rogers","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rogers\u00a0JP, Oldham\u00a0MA, Fricchione\u00a0G, Northoff\u00a0G, Wilson\u00a0EJ, Mann\u00a0SC, Francis\u00a0A, Wieck\u00a0A, Wachtel\u00a0EL, Lewis\u00a0G, Grover\u00a0S, Hirjak\u00a0D, Ahuja\u00a0N, Zandi\u00a0MS, Young\u00a0AH, Fone\u00a0K, Andrews\u00a0S, Kessler\u00a0D, Saifee\u00a0T, Gee\u00a0S, Baldwin\u00a0DS, David\u00a0AS (2023) Evidence-based consensus guidelines for the management of catatonia: Recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J\u00a0Psychopharmacol 37:327\u2013369","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1861_CR8","first-page":"11","volume":"125","author":"M Fink","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fink\u00a0M (2012) Hidden in plain sight: catatonia in pediatrics: \u201cAn editorial comment to Shorter E. \u2018Making childhood catatonia visible (Separate from competing diagnoses)\u2019, (1) Dhossche D, Ross CA, Stoppelbein L. \u2018The role of deprivation, abuse, and trauma in pediatric catatonia without a\u00a0clear medical cause\u2019, (2) Ghaziuddin N, Dhossche D, Marcotte K. \u2018retrospective Chart Rev Catatonia Child Adolesc Psychiatr Patients\u2019 (3)\u201d Acta Psychiatr Scand 125:11\u201312","journal-title":"\u2018retrospective Chart Rev Catatonia Child Adolesc Psychiatr Patients\u2019 (3)\u201d Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"1861_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13744","volume":"150","author":"J Luccarelli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luccarelli\u00a0J, Kalinich\u00a0M, Fricchione\u00a0G, Smith\u00a0F, Beach\u00a0SR, Smith\u00a0JR (2024) Diagnostic and demographic factors of pediatric and adult catatonia hospitalizations: A\u00a02016\u20132020 National Inpatient Sample Study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 150:234\u2013244","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"1861_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i2.348","volume":"12","author":"W Jaimes-Albornoz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jaimes-Albornoz\u00a0W, de Pellon-Santamaria\u00a0AR, Nizama-V\u00eda\u00a0A, Isetta\u00a0M, Albajar\u00a0I, Serra-Mestres\u00a0J (2022) Catatonia in older adults: A\u00a0systematic review. 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J.\u00a0Steiner has received lecture honoraria from Janssen-Cilag and Boehringer-Ingelheim; invitations to conferences or other activities were declined. D.\u00a0Hirjak has received honoraria from Rovi and Teva, lecture fees from the DGPPN, and editorial honoraria from Elsevier and Thieme Verlag. A.\u00a0Hasan has received lecture honoraria from AbbVie, Advanz, Janssen, Otsuka, Rovi, Recordati, and Lundbeck. He has also served on advisory boards for Boehringer-Ingelheim, Teva, AbbVie, Janssen, Otsuka, Rovi, Recordati, and Lundbeck; invitations to conferences or other activities were declined. A.\u00a0Hasan is also the lead editor of the AWMF S3\u00a0Guideline on Schizophrenia.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies mentioned were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The supplement containing this article is not sponsored by industry.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}