{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T05:59:09Z","timestamp":1779083949268,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.de"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Urologie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) plays a\u00a0critical role in the multidisciplinary management of advanced testicular cancer. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens have been the cornerstone of treatment for these patients. Long-term toxicity and secondary malignancy in patients receiving cisplatin, along with surgical advancements, have encouraged providers to revisit the role of primary RPLND for patients with stage IIA\/B germ cell tumor. Nerve-sparing primary RPLND offers durable oncologic outcomes without the long-term comorbidities associated with chemotherapy. The focus of this review is to summarize the published data on primary RPLND for stage IIA\/B germ cell tumors, to identify the ideal patient population for this treatment modality, and to explore the future of surgical advancements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00120-025-02648-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T08:53:24Z","timestamp":1754038404000},"page":"1307-1312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The role of primary RPLND in clinical stage IIA\/B testicular germ cell tumor: a\u00a0narrative review","Bedeutung der prim\u00e4ren RPLND beim testikul\u00e4ren Keimzelltumor im klinischen Stadium IIA\/B: eine narrative \u00dcbersichtsarbeit"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Parth","family":"Thakker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Masterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clint","family":"Cary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2648_CR1","unstructured":"SEER*Explorer: An interactive website for SEER cancer statistics [Internet], SEER Incidence Data (2024) Surveillance research program, national cancer institute; 2024 Apr 17. https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statistics-network\/explorer\/. Accessed 21 Jan 2025"},{"key":"2648_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.04.010","volume":"84","author":"A Patrikidou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patrikidou\u00a0A, Cazzaniga\u00a0W, Berney\u00a0D, Boormans\u00a0J, de Angst\u00a0I, Di Nardo\u00a0D, Fankhauser\u00a0C, Fischer\u00a0S, Gravina\u00a0C, Gremmels\u00a0H, Heidenreich\u00a0A, Janisch\u00a0F, Le\u00e3o\u00a0R, Nicolai\u00a0N, Oing\u00a0C, Oldenburg\u00a0J, Shepherd\u00a0R, Tandstad\u00a0T, Nicol\u00a0D (2023) European association of urology guidelines on testicular cancer: 2023 update. Eur Urol 84:289\u2013301","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2648_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5006","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.5006","volume":"39","author":"R Hellesnes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hellesnes\u00a0R, Myklebust\u00a0T, Fossa\u00a0S, Bremnes\u00a0R, Karlsdottir\u00a0A, Kvammen\u00a0O, Tandstad\u00a0T, Wilsgaard\u00a0T, Negaard\u00a0H, Haugnes\u00a0H (2021) Testicular cancer in the cisplatin era: causes of death and mortality rates in a\u00a0population-based cohort. J\u00a0Clin Oncol 39:5006\u20133573","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.04.173","volume":"21","author":"RA Huddart","year":"2003","unstructured":"Huddart\u00a0RA, Norman\u00a0A, Shahidi\u00a0M, Horwich\u00a0A, Coward\u00a0D, Nicholls\u00a0J, Dearnaley\u00a0DP (2003) Cardiovascular disease as a\u00a0long-term complication of treatment for testicular cancer. J\u00a0Clin Oncol 21:1513\u20131523","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.0735","volume":"36","author":"SL Kerns","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kerns\u00a0SL, Fung\u00a0C, Monahan\u00a0PO, Ardeshir-Rouhani-Fard\u00a0S, Zaid\u00a0AMI, Williams\u00a0AM, Stump\u00a0TE, Sesso\u00a0HD, Feldman\u00a0DR, Hamilton\u00a0RJ, Vaughn\u00a0DJ, Beard\u00a0C, Huddart\u00a0RA, Kim\u00a0J, Kollmannsberger\u00a0C, Sahasrabudhe\u00a0DM, Cook\u00a0R, Fossa\u00a0SD, Einhorn\u00a0LH, Travis\u00a0LB (2018) Platinum study group. Cumulative burden of morbidity among testicular cancer survivors after standard cisplatin-based chemotherapy: a\u00a0multi-institutional study. J\u00a0Clin Oncol 36:1505\u20131512","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30903-3","volume":"20","author":"C Bright","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bright\u00a0C, Reulen\u00a0R, Winter\u00a0D, Stark\u00a0D, McCabe\u00a0M, Edgar\u00a0A, Frobisher\u00a0C, Hawkins\u00a0M (2019) Risk of subsequent primary neoplasms in survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer (teenage and young adult cancer survivor study): a\u00a0population-based, cohort study. Lancet Oncol 20:531\u2013545","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.43.4431","volume":"30","author":"H Haugnes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haugnes\u00a0H, Bosl\u00a0G, Boer\u00a0H, Gietema\u00a0J, Bryd\u00f8y\u00a0M, Oldenburg\u00a0J, Dahl\u00a0A, Bremnes\u00a0R, Fossa\u00a0SD (2012) Long-term and late effects of germ cell testicular cancer treatment and implications for follow-up. J\u00a0Clin Oncol 30:3752\u20133763","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003694","volume":"211","author":"A Stephenson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stephenson\u00a0A, Bass\u00a0E, Bixler\u00a0B, Daneshmand\u00a0S, Kirkby\u00a0E, Marianes\u00a0A, Pierorazio\u00a0P, Sharma\u00a0R, Spiess\u00a0P (2023) Diagnosis and treatment of early-stage testicular cancer: aUA guideline amendment. J\u00a0Urol 211:20\u201325","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2648_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.16506","volume":"134","author":"J McFadden","year":"2024","unstructured":"McFadden\u00a0J, Masterson\u00a0T, Cary\u00a0C (2024) Contemporary short-term peri-operative outcomes of open primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. BJU Int 134:953\u2013959","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"2648_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1983.1.3.171","volume":"1","author":"N Vogelzang","year":"1983","unstructured":"Vogelzang\u00a0N, Fraley\u00a0E, Lange\u00a0P, Torkelson\u00a0J, Levitt\u00a0S, Kennedy\u00a0B (1983) Stage\u00a0II nonseminomatous testicular cancer: a\u00a010-year experience. J\u00a0Clin Oncol 1:171\u2013175","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)55453-1","volume":"124","author":"M Samuels","year":"1980","unstructured":"Samuels\u00a0M, Johnson\u00a0D (1980) Adjuvant therapy of testis cancer: the role of vinblastine and bleomycin. J\u00a0Urol 124:369\u2013371","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2648_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2004.04.029","volume":"22","author":"A Stevenson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stevenson\u00a0A, Sheinfeld\u00a0J (2004) The role of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in the management of testicular cancer. Urol Oncol 22:225\u2013233","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.2.358","volume":"18","author":"C Sweeney","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sweeney\u00a0C, Hermans\u00a0B, Heilman\u00a0D, Foster\u00a0R, Donohue\u00a0J, Einhorn\u00a0L (2000) Results and outcome of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage\u00a01 embryonal carcinoma-predominant testis cancer. J\u00a0Clin Oncol 18:358\u2013362","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000792","volume":"204","author":"A Douglawi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douglawi\u00a0A, Calaway\u00a0A, Tachibana\u00a0I, Barboza\u00a0MP, Speir\u00a0R, Masterson\u00a0T, Adra\u00a0N, Foster\u00a0R, Einhorn\u00a0L, Cary\u00a0C (2020) Long-term oncologic outcomes after primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection: minimizing the need for adjuvant chemotherapy. J\u00a0Urol 204:96\u2013103","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2648_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00118","volume":"40","author":"I Tachibana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tachibana\u00a0I, Kern\u00a0S, Douglawi\u00a0A, Tong\u00a0Y, Mahmoud\u00a0M, Masterston\u00a0TA, Adra\u00a0N, Foster\u00a0RS, Einhorn\u00a0LH, Cary\u00a0C (2022) Primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for patients with pathologic stage\u00a0II nonseminomatous germ cell tumor\u2014N1, N2, and N3 disease: is adjuvant chemotherapy necessary? J\u00a0Clin Oncol 40:3762\u20133768","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5597","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.12.0808","volume":"25","author":"A Stephenson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Stephenson\u00a0A, Bosl\u00a0G, Motzer\u00a0R, Bajorin\u00a0D, Stasi\u00a0J, Sheinfeld\u00a0J (2007) Nonrandomized comparison of primary chemotherapy and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage IIA and IIB nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer. J\u00a0Clin Oncol 25:5597\u20135602","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.07.132","volume":"23","author":"A Stephenson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stephenson\u00a0A, Bosl\u00a0G, Motzer\u00a0R, Kattan\u00a0M, Stasi\u00a0J, Bajorin\u00a0D, Sheinfeld\u00a0J (2005) Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancer: impact of patient selection factors. J\u00a0Clin Oncol 23:2781\u20132788","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)66053-1","volume":"155","author":"R Foster","year":"1996","unstructured":"Foster\u00a0R, Baniel\u00a0J, Leibovitch\u00a0I, Curran\u00a0M, Bihrle\u00a0R, Rowland\u00a0R, Donohue\u00a0J (1996) Teratoma in the orchiectomy specimen and volume of metastasis are predictors of retroperitoneal teratoma in low stage nonseminomatous testis cancer. J\u00a0Urol 155:1943\u20131955","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2648_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000731","volume":"43","author":"C Cary","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cary\u00a0C, Kern\u00a0S, Jacob\u00a0J, Calaway\u00a0A, Foster\u00a0R, Einhorn\u00a0L (2020) Management of metastatic pure teratoma in chemotherapy na\u00efve patients with testicular primaries. Am J Clin Oncol 43:690\u2013693","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3930","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01822","volume":"10","author":"I Tachibana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tachibana\u00a0I, Alabd\u00a0A, Tong\u00a0Y, Piroozi\u00a0A, Mahmoud\u00a0M, Kern\u00a0S, Masterson\u00a0T, Adra\u00a0N, Foster\u00a0R, Hanna\u00a0N, Einhorn\u00a0L, Cary\u00a0C (2023) Primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for stage\u00a0II seminoma: is surgery the new path forward? J\u00a0Clin Oncol 10:3930\u20133938","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003697","volume":"211","author":"R Matulewicz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Matulewicz\u00a0R, Benfante\u00a0N, Funt\u00a0S, Feldman\u00a0D, Carver\u00a0B, Doudt\u00a0A, Knezevic\u00a0A, Sheinfeld\u00a0J (2024) Primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for seminoma metastatic to the seminoma. J\u00a0Urol 211:80\u201389","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2648_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.10.021","volume":"84","author":"A Hiester","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hiester\u00a0A, Che\u00a0Y, Lusch\u00a0A, Kup\u00a0O, Niegisch\u00a0G, Lorch\u00a0A, Arsov\u00a0C, Albers\u00a0P (2023) Phase\u00a02\u00a0single arm trial of primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in patients with seminomatous testicular germ cell tumors with clinical stage IIA\/B (PRIMETEST). Eur Urol 84:25\u201331","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2648_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2023.06.004","volume":"7","author":"A Heidenreich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Heidenreich\u00a0A, Paffenholz\u00a0P, Hartmann\u00a0F, Seelemeyer\u00a0F, Pfister\u00a0D (2024) Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in clinical stage IIA\/B metastatic seminoma: results of the cologne trial of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in metastatic seminoma (COTRIMS). Eur Urol Oncol 7:122\u2013127","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00624","volume":"41","author":"S Daneshmand","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daneshmand\u00a0S, Cary\u00a0C, Masterson\u00a0T, Einhorn\u00a0L, Adra\u00a0N, Boorjian\u00a0S, Kollmannsberger\u00a0C, Schuckman\u00a0A, So\u00a0A, Black\u00a0P, Bagrodia\u00a0A, Skinner\u00a0E, Alemozaffar\u00a0M, Brand\u00a0T, Eggener\u00a0S, Pierorazio\u00a0P, Stratton\u00a0K, Nappi\u00a0L, Nichols\u00a0C, Luo\u00a0C, Li\u00a0M, Hu\u00a0B (2023) Surgery in early metastatic seminoma: a\u00a0phase\u00a0II trial of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for testicular seminoma with limited retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. J\u00a0Clin Oncol 41:3009\u20133018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2024.05.006","volume":"65","author":"A Thor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thor\u00a0A, Negaard\u00a0HFS, Grenabo Bergdahl\u00a0A, Alm\u00e5s\u00a0B, Melsen Larsen\u00a0S, Lundgren\u00a0PO, Gerdtsson\u00a0A, Halvorsen\u00a0D, Johannsdottir\u00a0B, Jansson\u00a0AK, Hellstr\u00f6m\u00a0M, Wahlqvist\u00a0R, Langberg\u00a0CW, Hedlund\u00a0A, Akre\u00a0O, Glimelius\u00a0I, St\u00e5hl\u00a0O, Haugnes\u00a0HS, Cohn-Cedermark\u00a0G, Kjellman\u00a0A, Tandstad\u00a0T (2024) Primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection as treatment for low-volume metastatic seminoma in a\u00a0population-based cohort: the swedish norwegian testicular cancer group experience. Eur Urol Open Sci 65:13\u201319","journal-title":"Eur Urol Open Sci"},{"key":"2648_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng J, McFadden J, Thakker P, Tachibana I, Masterson TA, Cary C (2025) Retroperitoneal nodal distribution for metastatic seminoma: is modified template appropriate? A\u00a0retrospective study. J\u00a0Urol (Epub ahead of print)","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000004483"},{"key":"2648_CR27","first-page":"27","volume":"8","author":"GJ Rodrigues","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rodrigues\u00a0GJ, Guglielmetti\u00a0GB, Orvieto\u00a0M, Seetharam Bhat\u00a0KR, Patel\u00a0VR, Coelho\u00a0RF (2021) Robot-assisted retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy: the state of art. Asian. J\u00a0Urol 8:27\u201337","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2648_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-021-03899-9","volume":"40","author":"GJ Nason","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nason\u00a0GJ, Hamilton\u00a0RJ (2022) Robotic RPLND for stage IIA\/B nonseminoma: the princess margaret experience. World J Urol 40:335\u2013342","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"2648_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2024.01.006","volume":"7","author":"J Chavarriaga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chavarriaga\u00a0J, Atenafu\u00a0EG, Mousa\u00a0A, Langleben\u00a0C, Carwright-Anson\u00a0L, Jewett\u00a0M, Hamilton\u00a0RJ (2024) Propensity-matched analysis of open versus robotic primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage\u00a0II testicular cancer. European Urol Oncol 7:1034\u20131041","journal-title":"European Urol Oncol"},{"key":"2648_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-020-03403-9","volume":"39","author":"R Bhanvadia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bhanvadia\u00a0R, Ashbrook\u00a0C, Bagrodia\u00a0A, Lotan\u00a0Y, Margulis\u00a0V, Woldu\u00a0S (2021) Population-based analysis of cost and peri-operative outcomes between open and robotic primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for germ cell tumor. World J Urol 39:1977\u20131984","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"2648_CR31","unstructured":"Pongratanakul P, Vermeulen-Spohn M, W\u00f6ltjen C, Thy S, Hiester A, Albers P, Che Y (2025) Epub ahead of print. BJU Int"},{"key":"2648_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.8.1725","volume":"18","author":"M Meinardi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Meinardi\u00a0M, Gietema\u00a0J, van der Graaf\u00a0W, van Veldhuisen\u00a0D, Runne\u00a0M, Sluiter\u00a0W, de Vries\u00a0E, Willemse\u00a0P, Mulder\u00a0N, van der Berg\u00a0M, Koops\u00a0H, Sleijfer\u00a0D (2000) Cardiovascular morbidity in long-term survivors of metastatic testicular cancer. J\u00a0Clin Oncol 18:1725\u20131732","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Die Urologie"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00120-025-02648-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00120-025-02648-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00120-025-02648-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T14:17:55Z","timestamp":1764598675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00120-025-02648-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00120-025-02648-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-7064","2731-7072"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2731-7064","type":"print"},{"value":"2731-7072","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 June 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"P.\u00a0Thakker, C.\u00a0Drake, T.\u00a0Masterson and C.\u00a0Cary declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"For this article no studies with human participants or animals were performed by any of the authors. All studies mentioned were in accordance with the ethical standards indicated in each case.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}