{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T16:05:47Z","timestamp":1764605147000,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Urologie"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00120-025-02716-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T10:35:59Z","timestamp":1762425359000},"page":"1330-1341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gyn\u00e4komastie beim Mann","Gynecomastia in males"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Jens","family":"Rosellen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank-Michael","family":"K\u00f6hn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans-Christian","family":"Schuppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2716_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1720","volume":"96","author":"HE Carlson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carlson\u00a0HE (2011) Approach to the patient with gynecomastia. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(1):15\u201321","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2716_CR2","unstructured":"K\u00f6hn FM, Schuppe HC Gyn\u00e4komastie. In: Merseburger AS, Grutzke C, Burger M (Hrsg) Referenz Urologie \u2013 Krankheitsbilder, 1.\u00a0Aufl. Thieme, S\u00a0249\u2013257"},{"key":"2716_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/57.4.431","volume":"57","author":"GA Bannayan","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bannayan\u00a0GA, Hajdu\u00a0SI (1972) Gynecomastia: clinicopathologic study of 351 cases. Am J Clin Pathol 57:431\u2013437","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2716_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-48-2-338","volume":"48","author":"FQ Nuttall","year":"1979","unstructured":"Nuttall\u00a0FQ (1979) Gynecomastia as a\u00a0physical finding in normal men. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab 48:338\u2013340","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2716_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198010023031405","volume":"303","author":"HE Carlson","year":"1980","unstructured":"Carlson\u00a0HE (1980) Gynecomastia. N\u00a0Engl J Med 303:795\u2013799","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2716_CR6","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"GA Kanakis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kanakis\u00a0GA, Nordkap\u00a0L, Bang\u00a0AK et\u00a0al (2019) EAA clinical practice guidelines\u2014gynecomastia evaluation and management. Androl 1:1\u201319","journal-title":"Androl"},{"key":"2716_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-32-2-173","volume":"32","author":"GL Nicolis","year":"1971","unstructured":"Nicolis\u00a0GL, Modlinger\u00a0RS, Gabrilove\u00a0JL (1971) A\u00a0study of the histopathology of human gynecomastia. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab 32:173\u2013178","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2716_CR8","first-page":"497","volume":"113","author":"C Nachtigall","year":"1965","unstructured":"Nachtigall\u00a0C (1965) Progress observations on physiological swelling of the breast in newborn infants. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 113:497\u2013498","journal-title":"Monatsschr Kinderheilkd"},{"key":"2716_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.56.7.525","volume":"56","author":"JF McKiernan","year":"1981","unstructured":"McKiernan\u00a0JF, Hull\u00a0D (1981) Breast development in the newborn. Arch Dis Child 56:525\u2013529","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2716_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2010.03.002","volume":"23","author":"Y Jayasinghe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jayasinghe\u00a0Y, Cha\u00a0R, Horn-Ommen\u00a0J et\u00a0al (2010) Establishment of normative data for the amount of breast tissue present in healthy children up to two years of age. J\u00a0Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 23:305\u2013311","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"2716_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1986.02140170078035","volume":"140","author":"DJ Madlon-Kay","year":"1986","unstructured":"Madlon-Kay\u00a0DJ (1986) Witch\u2019s milk. Am J Dis Child 140:252","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2716_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200211000-00012","volume":"52","author":"IM Schmidt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schmidt\u00a0IM (2022) Gender difference in breast tissue size in infancy: correlation with serum estradiol. Pediatr Res 52:682\u2013686","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"2716_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82843-4","volume":"116","author":"FM Biro","year":"1990","unstructured":"Biro\u00a0FM, Lucky\u00a0AW, Huster\u00a0GA, Morrison\u00a0JA (1990) Hormonal studies and physical maturation in adolescent gynecomastia. J\u00a0Pediatr 116:450\u2013455","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2716_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-3-492","volume":"58","author":"DC Moore","year":"1984","unstructured":"Moore\u00a0DC, Schlaepfer\u00a0LV, Paunier\u00a0L, Sizonenko\u00a0PC (1984) Hormonal changes during puberty and transient pubertal gynecomastia: abnormal androgen-estrogen ratios. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab 58:492\u2013499","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2716_CR15","first-page":"371","volume":"14","author":"CE Guss","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guss\u00a0CE, Divasta\u00a0AD (2017) Adolescent Gynecomastia. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 14(4):371\u2013377","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"key":"2716_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283535614","volume":"19","author":"J Tinggaard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tinggaard\u00a0J, Mieritz\u00a0M, S\u00f8rensen\u00a0K et\u00a0al (2016) The physiology and timing of male puberty. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 19:197\u2013203","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2716_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp070677","volume":"357","author":"GD Braunstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Braunstein\u00a0GD (2007) Gynecomastia. N\u00a0Engl J Med 357:1229\u20131237","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2716_CR18","first-page":"1027","volume":"27","author":"S Akg\u00fcl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Akg\u00fcl\u00a0S, Kanbur\u00a0N, Derman\u00a0O (2012) Pubertal gynecomastia: what about the remaining 10\u202f%? J\u00a0Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 27:1027\u20131028","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2716_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey090","volume":"33","author":"L Priskorn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Priskorn\u00a0L, Nordkap\u00a0L, Bang\u00a0AK et\u00a0al (2018) Average sperm count remains unchanged despite reduction in maternal smoking: results from a\u00a0large cross-sectional study with annual investigations over 21\u00a0years. Hum Reprod 33:998\u20131008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"2716_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(84)90353-X","volume":"77","author":"CB Niewoehner","year":"1984","unstructured":"Niewoehner\u00a0CB, Nuttal\u00a0FQ (1984) Gynecomastia in a\u00a0hospitalized male population. Am J Med 77:633\u2013638","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2716_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1080\/03014469400003582","volume":"21","author":"E Georgiadis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Georgiadis\u00a0E, Papandreou\u00a0L, Evangelopoulou\u00a0C et\u00a0al (1994) Incidence of gynaecomastia in 954 young males and its relationship to somatometric parameters. Ann Hum Biol 21:579\u2013587","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"2716_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(63)90044-5","volume":"34","author":"MJ Williams","year":"1963","unstructured":"Williams\u00a0MJ (1963) Gynecomastia: Its incidence, recognition and host characterization in 447 autopsy cases. Am J Med 34:103\u2013112","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2716_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0643","volume":"176","author":"MG Mieritz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mieritz\u00a0MG, Christiansen\u00a0P, Jensen\u00a0MB et\u00a0al (2017) Gynaecomastia in 786 adult men: clinical and biochemical findings. Eur J Endocrinol 176:555\u2013566","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2716_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/000313489906500314","volume":"65","author":"CM Volpe","year":"1999","unstructured":"Volpe\u00a0CM, Raffetto\u00a0JD, Collure\u00a0DW et\u00a0al (1999) Unilateral male breast masses: cancer risk and their evaluation and management. Am Surg 65:250\u2013253","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"2716_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2017-00212","volume":"39","author":"CH Gravholt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gravholt\u00a0CH, Chang\u00a0S, Wallentin\u00a0M, Fedder\u00a0J, Moore\u00a0P, Skakkeb\u00e6k\u00a0A (2018) Klinefelter Syndrome: Integrating Genetics, Neuropsychology, and Endocrinology. Endocr Rev 39(4):389\u2013423","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2716_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.54.12.956","volume":"54","author":"S Gill","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gill\u00a0S, Peston\u00a0D, Vonderhaar\u00a0BK, Shousha (2001) Expression of prolactin receptors in normal, benign, and malignant breast tissue: an immunohistological study. J\u00a0Clin Pathol 54:956\u2013960","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2716_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03059.x","volume":"53","author":"M Ferreira","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ferreira\u00a0M, Mesquita\u00a0M, Quaresma\u00a0M, \u00c1ndre\u00a0S (2008) Prolactin receptor expression in gynaecomastia and male breast carcinoma. Histopathology 53:56\u201361","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2716_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)02979-5","volume":"77","author":"C Dimitrikakis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dimitrikakis\u00a0C, Zhou\u00a0J, Bondy\u00a0CA (2002) Androgens and mammary growth and neoplasia. Fertil Steril 77(4):S26\u2013S33","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2716_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711700107","volume":"170","author":"HE Burgess","year":"1993","unstructured":"Burgess\u00a0HE, Shousha\u00a0S (1993) An immunohistochemical study of the long-term effects of androgen administration on female-to-male transsexual breast: a\u00a0comparison with normal female breast and male breast showing gynecomastia. J\u00a0Pathol 170:37\u201343","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"2716_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000185497","volume":"48","author":"R Mathur","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mathur\u00a0R, Braunstein\u00a0GD (1997) Gynecomastia: pathomechanisms and treatment strategies. Horm Res 48:95\u2013102","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"2716_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.03.013","volume":"36","author":"HS Narula","year":"2007","unstructured":"Narula\u00a0HS, Carlson\u00a0HE (2007) Gynecomastia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 36:497\u2013519","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"2716_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0016","volume":"30","author":"RJ Santen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Santen\u00a0RJ, Brodie\u00a0H, Simpson\u00a0ER et\u00a0al (2009) History of aromatase: saga of an important biological mediator and therapeutic target. Endocr Rev 30:343\u2013375","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2716_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2004-0013","volume":"26","author":"JM Kaufman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kaufman\u00a0JM, Vermeulen\u00a0A (2005) The decline of androgen levels in elderly men and its clinical and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 26:833\u2013876","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2716_CR34","first-page":"3692","volume":"82","author":"CJ Ormandy","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ormandy\u00a0CJ, Hall\u00a0RE, Manning\u00a0DL et\u00a0al (1997) Coexpression and cross-regulation of the prolactin and sex steroid hormone receptors in breast cancer. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:3692\u20133699","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2716_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2003.10.008","volume":"88","author":"JH Gutzman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gutzman\u00a0JH, Miller\u00a0KK, Schuler\u00a0LA (2004) Endogenous human prolactin and not exogenous human prolactin induces estrogen receptor and prolactin receptor expression and increases estrogen responsiveness in breast cancer cells. J\u00a0Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 88:69\u201377","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2716_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2011.01240.x","volume":"44","author":"W Krause","year":"2012","unstructured":"Krause\u00a0W (2012) Drug-inducing gynaecomastia\u2014a\u00a0critical review. Andrologia 44(1):621\u2013626","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"2716_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2836","volume":"100","author":"MG Mieritz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mieritz\u00a0MG, Raket\u00a0LL, Hagen\u00a0CP et\u00a0al (2015) A\u00a0longitudinal study of growth, sex steroids, and IGF\u20111 in boys with physiological gynecomastia. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab 100:3752\u20133759","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2716_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(18)30062-8","volume":"23","author":"RV Clark","year":"1994","unstructured":"Clark\u00a0RV (1994) History and physical examination. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 23(4):699\u2013707","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"2716_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-31802012000300009","volume":"130","author":"ACSD De Barros","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Barros\u00a0ACSD, Sampaio\u00a0MDCM (2012) Gynecomastia: physiopathology, evaluation and treatment. Sao Paulo Med\u00a0J 130:187\u2013197","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med J"},{"key":"2716_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.235.291","volume":"44","author":"WA Marshall","year":"1969","unstructured":"Marshall\u00a0WA, Tanner\u00a0JM (1969) Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Arch Dis Child 44:291\u2013303","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"2716_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-63400-4_156","volume-title":"Die Urologie","author":"H-C Schuppe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schuppe\u00a0H\u2011C, K\u00f6hn\u00a0F\u2011M, Linn\u00a0T (2023) Endokrine Krankheitsbilder. In: Michel\u00a0MS, Th\u00fcroff\u00a0J, Janetschek\u00a0G, Wirth\u00a0MP (Hrsg) Die Urologie, 2.\u00a0Aufl. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, S\u00a02293\u20132307","edition":"2"},{"key":"2716_CR42","first-page":"176","volume-title":"Praxishandbuch M\u00e4nnergesundheit","author":"H-C Schuppe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schuppe\u00a0H\u2011C, Jacobeit\u00a0JW (2012) Krankheiten der m\u00e4nnlichen Brust. In: Harth\u00a0W, Br\u00e4hler\u00a0E, Schuppe\u00a0H\u2011C (Hrsg) Praxishandbuch M\u00e4nnergesundheit. Medizinisch Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin, S\u00a0176\u2013185"},{"key":"2716_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmu042","volume":"21","author":"F Lotti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lotti\u00a0F, Maggi\u00a0M (2015) Ultrasound of the male genital tract in relation to male reproductive health. Hum Reprod Update 21:56\u201383","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"2716_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0911101","volume":"363","author":"FC Wu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wu\u00a0FC, Tajar\u00a0A, Beynon\u00a0JM et\u00a0al (2010) Identification of late-onset hypogonadism in middle-aged and elderly men. N\u00a0Engl J Med 363:123\u2013135","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2716_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijir.3901580","volume":"20","author":"A Guay","year":"2008","unstructured":"Guay\u00a0A et\u00a0al (2008) Does early morning versus late morning draw time influence apparent testosterone concentration in men aged \u3009 or = 45\u00a0years? Data from the Hypognadism In Males study. Int J Impot Res 20:162","journal-title":"Int J Impot Res"},{"key":"2716_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.01.009","volume":"129","author":"A Chau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chau\u00a0A, Jafarian\u00a0N, Rosa\u00a0M (2016) Male breast: clinical and imaging evaluations of benign and malignant entities with histologic correlation. Am J Med 129:776\u2013791","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"2716_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1867-7","volume":"20","author":"CR Munoz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Munoz\u00a0CR, Alvarez\u00a0BM, Munoz\u00a0GE et\u00a0al (2010) Mammography and ultrasound in the evaluation of male breast disease. Eur Radiol 20:2797\u20132805","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"2716_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(98)00046-4","volume":"175","author":"J Vetto","year":"1988","unstructured":"Vetto\u00a0J, Schmidt\u00a0W, Pommier\u00a0R et\u00a0al (1988) Accurate and cost-effective evaluation of breast masses in males. Am J Surg 175:383\u2013387","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2716_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2007.09.033","volume":"61","author":"A Cordova","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cordova\u00a0A, Moschella\u00a0F (2008) Algorithm for clinical evaluation and surgical treatment of gynaecomastia. J\u00a0Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 61:41\u201349","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"2716_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S1479-666X(09)80026-7","volume":"7","author":"HL Devalia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Devalia\u00a0HL, Layer\u00a0GT (2009) Current concepts in gynaecomastia. Surgeon 7:114\u2013119","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"2716_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(00)00571-7","volume":"181","author":"GF Evans","year":"2001","unstructured":"Evans\u00a0GF, Anthony\u00a0T, Turnage\u00a0RH et\u00a0al (2001) The diagnostic accuracy of mammography in the evaluation of male breast disease. Am J Surg 181:96\u2013100","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"2716_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1075-122X.2006.00298.x","volume":"12","author":"SK Patterson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Patterson\u00a0SK, Helvie\u00a0MA, Aziz\u00a0K, Nees\u00a0AV (2006) Outcome of men presenting with clinical breast problems: the role of mammography and ultrasound. Breast\u00a0J 12:418\u2013423","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"issue":"17","key":"2716_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s15006-022-1872-1","volume":"164","author":"FM K\u00f6hn","year":"2022","unstructured":"K\u00f6hn\u00a0FM, Schuppe\u00a0H\u2011C (2022) Steckbrief Gyn\u00e4komastie. MMW Fortschr Med 164(17):65\u201369","journal-title":"MMW Fortschr Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"2716_CR54","first-page":"6918","volume":"15","author":"IS Fentiman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fentiman\u00a0IS (2023) Risk factors for male breast cancer. Am J Transl Res 15(12):6918\u20136925","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2716_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt025","volume":"24","author":"KJ Ruddy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ruddy\u00a0KJ, Winer\u00a0EP (2013) Male breast cancer: risk factors, biology, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. Ann Oncol 24(6):1434\u20131443","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2716_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-49-2-284","volume":"49","author":"MG Forest","year":"1979","unstructured":"Forest\u00a0MG, Lecoq\u00a0A, Saez\u00a0JM (1979) Kinetics of human chorionic gonadotropin-induced steroidogenic response of the human testis. II. Plasma 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, delta4-androstenedione, estrone, and 17 beta-estradiol: evidence for the action of human chorionic gonadotropin on interm. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab 49:284\u2013291","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2716_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000176461.75794.f8","volume":"174","author":"A Dobs","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dobs\u00a0A, Darkes\u00a0MJM (2005) Incidence and management of gynecomastia in men treated for prostate cancer. J\u00a0Urol 174:1737\u20131742","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"2716_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80596-0","volume":"109","author":"AJ Eberle","year":"1986","unstructured":"Eberle\u00a0AJ, Sparrow\u00a0JT, Keenan\u00a0BS (1986) Treatment of persistent pubertal gynecomastia with dihydrotestosterone heptanoate. J\u00a0Pediatr 109:144\u2013149","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2716_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.03.057","volume":"145","author":"SE Lawrence","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lawrence\u00a0SE, Faught\u00a0KA, Vethamuthu\u00a0J, Lawson\u00a0ML (2004) Beneficial effects of raloxifene and tamoxifen in the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia. J\u00a0Pediatr 145:71\u201376","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2716_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2003.10.005","volume":"13","author":"HN Khan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khan\u00a0HN, Rampaul\u00a0R, Blamey\u00a0RW (2004) Management of physiological gynaecomastia with tamoxifen. Breast 13:61\u201365","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"2716_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4428","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0082","volume":"89","author":"PV Plourde","year":"2004","unstructured":"Plourde\u00a0PV, Reiter\u00a0EO, Jou\u00a0HC, Desrochers\u00a0PE, Rubin\u00a0SD, Bercu\u00a0BB, Diamond\u00a0FB, Backeljauw\u00a0PF (2004) Safety and efficacy of anastrozole for the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia: a\u00a0randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:4428\u20134433","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2716_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199011000-00013","volume":"83","author":"MT McDermott","year":"1990","unstructured":"McDermott\u00a0MT, Hofeldt\u00a0FD, Kidd\u00a0GS (1990) Tamoxifen therapy for painful idiopathic gynecomastia. South Med\u00a0J 83:1283\u20131285","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2716_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.12.013","volume":"23","author":"F Boccardo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Boccardo\u00a0F, Rubagotti\u00a0A, Battaglia\u00a0M et\u00a0al (2005) Evaluation of tamoxifen and anastrozole in the prevention of gynecomastia and breast pain induced by bicalutamide monotherapy of prostate cancer. J\u00a0Clin Oncol 23:808\u2013815","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2716_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(03)00958-6","volume":"4","author":"AP Dicker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dicker\u00a0AP (2003) The safety and tolerability of low-dose irradiation for the management of gynaecomastia caused by antiandrogen monotherapy. Lancet Oncol 4:30\u201336","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2716_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(02)02107-6","volume":"61","author":"A Widmark","year":"2003","unstructured":"Widmark\u00a0A, Foss\u00e5\u00a0SD, Lundmo\u00a0P et\u00a0al (2003) Does prophylactic breast irradiation prevent antiandrogen-induced gynecomastia? Evaluation of 253 patients in the randomized Scandinavian trial SPCG-7\/SFUO\u20113. Urology 61(1):145\u2013151","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2716_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(05)70103-0","volume":"6","author":"S Perdona","year":"2005","unstructured":"Perdona\u00a0S, Autorino\u00a0R, De Placido\u00a0S et\u00a0al (2005) Efficacy of tamoxifen and radiotherapy for prevention and treatment of gynaecomastia and breast pain caused by bicalutamide in prostate cancer: a\u00a0randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 6:295\u2013300","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2716_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2004.12.003","volume":"47","author":"H Van Poppel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Van Poppel\u00a0H, Tyrrell\u00a0CJ, Haustermans\u00a0K et\u00a0al (2005) Efficacy and tolerability of radiotherapy as treatment for bicalutamide-induced gynaecomastia and breast pain in prostate cancer. Eur Urol 47(5):587\u2013592","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"2716_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197610000-00033","volume":"69","author":"G Letterman","year":"1976","unstructured":"Letterman\u00a0G, Schurter\u00a0M (1976) A\u00a0comparison of modern methods of reduction mammaplasty. South Med\u00a0J 69:1367\u20131371","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"2716_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.138354","volume":"7","author":"A Sarkar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarkar\u00a0A, Bain\u00a0J, Bhattacharya\u00a0D et\u00a0al (2014) Role of combined circumareolar skin excision and liposuction in management of high grade gynaecomastia. J\u00a0Cutan Aesthet Surg 7:112\u2013116","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"2716_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/145749690309200209","volume":"92","author":"S Boljanovic","year":"2003","unstructured":"Boljanovic\u00a0S, Axelsson\u00a0CK, Elberg\u00a0JJ (2003) Surgical treatment of gynecomastia: liposuction combined with subcutaneous mastectomy. Scand J Surg 92:160\u2013162","journal-title":"Scand J Surg"},{"key":"2716_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4741.2011.01080.x","volume":"17","author":"S Rahmani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rahmani\u00a0S, Turton\u00a0P, Shaaban\u00a0A, Dall\u00a0B (2011) Overview of gynecomastia in the modern era and the leeds gynaecomastia investigation algorithm. Breast\u00a0J 17:246\u2013255","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"2716_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2015.06.007","volume":"43","author":"L Rew","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rew\u00a0L, Young\u00a0C, Harrison\u00a0T, Caridi\u00a0R (2015) A\u00a0systematic review of literature on psychosocial aspects of gynecomastia in adolescents and young men. J\u00a0Adolesc 43:206\u2013212","journal-title":"J Adolesc"}],"container-title":["Die Urologie"],"original-title":[],"language":"de","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00120-025-02716-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00120-025-02716-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00120-025-02716-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T16:02:42Z","timestamp":1764604962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00120-025-02716-0"}},"subtitle":["Diagnostik und Therapie","Diagnostics and treatment"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00120-025-02716-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2731-7064","2731-7072"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2731-7064"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2731-7072"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien"}},{"value":"Gem\u00e4\u00df den Richtlinien des Springer Medizin Verlags werden Autorinnen und Autoren sowie die Wissenschaftliche Leitung im Rahmen der Manuskripterstellung und Manuskriptfreigabe aufgefordert, eine vollst\u00e4ndige Erkl\u00e4rung zu ihren finanziellen und nichtfinanziellen Interessen abzugeben.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Interessenkonflikt"}},{"value":"J.\u00a0Rosellen\n                      : A.\u00a0Finanzielle Interessen: J.\u00a0Rosellen gibt an, dass kein finanzieller Interessenkonflikt besteht. \u2013\u00a0B.\u00a0Nichtfinanzielle Interessen: Angestellter Facharzt f\u00fcr Urologie, Oberarzt, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Gie\u00dfen und Marburg, Standort Gie\u00dfen, Klinik f\u00fcr Urologie, Kinderurologie und Andrologie | Mitgliedschaften: Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Urologie (DGU), Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Andrologie (DGA), European Academy of Andrology (EAA) |.\n                      F.-M.\u00a0K\u00f6hn\n                      : A.\u00a0Finanzielle Interessen: Reisekostenerstattung von Deutscher Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Andrologie f\u00fcr Vortrag \u00fcber Gyn\u00e4komastie.\u00a0\u2013 B.\u00a0Nichtfinanzielle Interessen: Niedergelassener Dermatologe\/Androloge in M\u00fcnchen | Mitgliedschaften: Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Andrologie, Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Reproduktionsmedizin, Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft, American Society of Andrology, American Society of Reproductive Medicine, European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.\n                      H.-C.\u00a0Schuppe\n                      : A.\u00a0Finanzielle Interessen: DFG-Forschungsgruppe FOR 5644 \u201eDie Rolle von Immunzellen in der Funktion des normalen und pathologisch ver\u00e4nderten Hoden und Nebenhoden (\u201aINFINITE\u2018)\u201c (2024\u20132028); DFG International Research Training Group JLU Gie\u00dfen \u2013\u00a0Monash University \u201eMolecular mechanism of male reproductive disorders\u201c (GRK 1871\/2) (2013\u20132022).\u00a0\u2013 Male Infertility Advisory Board, Merck (2024); Experten-Forum Dermatologie, FOM (2024); ReproFacts (2022\u20132025) | \u2013\u00a0B.\u00a0Nichtfinanzielle Interessen: Oberarzt, Leiter der Sektion Konservative Andrologie, Klinik und Poliklinik f\u00fcr Urologie, Kinderurologie und Andrologie, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Gie\u00dfen und Marburg GmbH\u00a0\u2013 Standort Gie\u00dfen, Justus-Liebig-Universit\u00e4t (JLU) Gie\u00dfen | Gf. Direktor des Hessischen Zentrums f\u00fcr Reproduktionsmedizin, JLU Gie\u00dfen | Vorstandsmitglied der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Andrologie (Amtsperioden 2007\u20132012, 2025\u20132027), Past-Pr\u00e4sident der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Reproduktionsmedizin (Amtsperiode 2018\u20132019), Academician der European Academy of Andrology | Mitgliedschaften: European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft, Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Immunologie.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Autoren"}},{"value":"Die vollst\u00e4ndige Erkl\u00e4rung zum Interessenkonflikt der Wissenschaftlichen Leitung finden Sie am Kurs der zertifizierten Fortbildung auf\n                      \n                      .","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Wissenschaftliche Leitung"}},{"value":"erkl\u00e4rt, dass f\u00fcr die Publikation dieser CME-Fortbildung keine Sponsorengelder an den Verlag flie\u00dfen.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Der Verlag"}},{"value":"F\u00fcr diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor\/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgef\u00fchrt. F\u00fcr die aufgef\u00fchrten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Der Verlag"}}]}}