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Carotenoid profiles are greatly influenced by hydroxylation catalyzed by <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-hydroxylases (HYDs). To genetically dissect the contribution of HYDs to carotenoid metabolism and wheat growth and yield, we isolated loss-of-function mutants of the two homoeologs of <jats:italic>HYD1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>HYD-A1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>HYD-B1<\/jats:italic>) and <jats:italic>HYD2<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>HYD-A2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>HYD-B2<\/jats:italic>) from the sequenced ethyl methanesulfonate mutant population of\u00a0the tetraploid wheat cultivar Kronos, and generated various mutant combinations. Although functional redundancy between HYD1 and HYD2 paralogs was observed in leaves, HYD1 homoeologs contributed more than HYD2 homoeologs to carotenoid <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-ring hydroxylation in this tissue. By contrast, the HYD2 homoeologs functioned toward production of lutein, the major carotenoid in mature grains, whereas HYD1 homoeologs had a limited role. These results collectively suggested subfunctionalization of <jats:italic>HYD<\/jats:italic> genes and homoeologs in different tissues of tetraploid wheat. Despite reduced photoprotective responses observed in the triple <jats:italic>hyd-A1 hyd-B1 hyd-A2<\/jats:italic> and the quadruple <jats:italic>hyd-A1 hyd-B1 hyd-A2 hyd-B2<\/jats:italic> combinatorial mutants, comprehensive plant phenotyping analysis revealed that all mutants analyzed were comparable to the control for growth, yield, and fertility, except for a slight delay in anthesis and senescence as well as accelerated germination in the quadruple mutant. Overall, this research takes steps toward untangling the functions of HYDs in wheat and has implications for improving performance and consumer traits of this economically important global crop.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-023-04276-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T16:52:33Z","timestamp":1674147153000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genetic dissection of the roles of \u03b2-hydroxylases in carotenoid metabolism, photosynthesis, and plant growth in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"Cody S.","family":"Bekkering","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina N.","family":"Isaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin W.","family":"Sproul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Dubcovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-6072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4276_CR1","first-page":"36","volume":"11","author":"M Abramoff","year":"2004","unstructured":"Abramoff M, Magalh\u00e3es P, Ram S (2004) Image Processing with ImageJ. 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