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However, in any genetically diverse and open pollinating faba bean population, this particular reproduction system leads to the so-called identity disequilibrium, resulting in a significant proportion of individuals being highly inbred. This study presents a cost-efficient approach to identify these highly inbred individuals from populations with a limited number of KASP markers. Using simulations, the most accurate inbreeding coefficient estimator from limited number of markers (ten to 100) was found to be the so-called estimator F\n                      <jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>\n                      (which is based on a maximum likelihood approach). In the \u201cG\u00f6ttingen Winter Bean Population\u201d, 8.4% of individuals (61 out of 728) were classified as highly inbred (F\n                      <jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u2009\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$0.8\\overline{3 }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mn>0.8<\/mml:mn>\n                              <mml:mover>\n                                <mml:mn>3<\/mml:mn>\n                                <mml:mo>\u00af<\/mml:mo>\n                              <\/mml:mover>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      ). We evaluated the performance of classifying highly inbred individuals using a limited number of markers with both simulated and empirical data, allowing to identify strategies for optimizing this approach. Using 50 markers and a threshold of F\n                      <jats:sub>L<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009\u2265\u20090.9, we identified 42 individuals in our population, including 36 truly highly inbred individuals (out of 61) and six insufficiently inbred individuals (false positives). Furthermore, applying a preliminary step with a low number of markers to eliminate insufficiently inbred individuals successfully permitted a marked reduction in genotyping cost (up to 46%). Faba bean breeders can greatly benefit from the presented approach by identifying highly inbred individuals fast, at low cost and with limited labour, even though no DH technology is available.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-026-05259-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T11:59:00Z","timestamp":1781265540000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Faba bean populations already contain the inbreds needed for breeding"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9514-0044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henri","family":"Laugel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0684-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"5259_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0523.1999.00411.x","volume":"118","author":"A Abdelmula","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abdelmula A, Link W, Kittlitz E, Stelling D (1999) Heterosis and inheritance of drought tolerance in faba bean, Vicia faba L. 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