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Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) supplies high amounts of nitrogen to legumes, and several avenues of research are underway to extend it to cereal crops. In maize, aerial roots formed in Sierra Mixe landraces have been associated with BNF. However, much of the genetics underlying aerial root morphology remains unknown. Here, we evaluate aerial root morphology traits associated with BNF in three segregating populations derived from crosses between two Midwest-adapted inbred lines and three landraces. Inclusive composite interval mapping (iCIM) with flowering time as a covariate identified 37 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for three aerial root traits (nodes with roots, root size, and roots per node) which exhibit moderately high heritability (H\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.65 to 0.83). The combined proportion of phenotypic variance explained by the detected QTL ranged from 23 to 51%, depending on the trait and population, and potential candidate genes were identified through literature searches, macrosynteny, and gene expression analyses. Introgressing the most relevant aerial root-associated QTL into elite genotypes may provide a path toward achieving meaningful levels of BNF-associated traits in maize, but further work is needed to assess this approach's viability under field conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00122-026-05348-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:41:28Z","timestamp":1788586888000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic determinants of aerial root morphology in Sierra Mixe-derived maize"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5781-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Laspisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2584-8158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rubens","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5020-0348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael E.","family":"Venado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2960-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tess","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-9058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"de Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3128-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Michel","family":"An\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8937-6543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason G.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"5348_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E00223","DOI":"10.1002\/pld3.223","volume":"4","author":"SL Anderson 2nd","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anderson SL 2nd et al (2020) Unoccupied aerial system enabled functional modeling of maize height reveals dynamic expression of loci. 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