{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:18:40Z","timestamp":1790774320699,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]],"date-time":"2017-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1503532800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007602","name":"Programme Grants for Applied Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RP-PG-1210-12016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP-PG-1210-12016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4386-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]],"date-time":"2017-08-24T17:34:01Z","timestamp":1503596041000},"page":"2174-2182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Individualised variable-interval risk-based screening for sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy: the Liverpool Risk Calculation Engine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"name":"for the Individualised Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy (ISDR) Study Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Eleuteri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony C.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah M.","family":"Broadbent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Garc\u00eda-Fi\u00f1ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Cheyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene M.","family":"Stratton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Gabbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Seddon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon P.","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"4386_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","volume":"227","author":"S Wild","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H (2004) Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 227:1047\u20131053","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4386_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","volume":"35","author":"JWY Yau","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yau JWY, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R et al (2012) Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 35:556\u2013564","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4386_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1258\/jms.2008.008015","volume":"15","author":"PH Scanlon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Scanlon PH (2008) The English national screening programme for sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. J Med Screen 15:1\u20134","journal-title":"J Med Screen"},{"key":"4386_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2282","volume":"35","author":"D Chalk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chalk D, Pitt M, Vaidya B, Stein K (2012) Can the retinal screening interval be safely increased to 2 years for type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy? Diabetes Care 35:1663\u20131668","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4386_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.123810","volume":"91","author":"E Olafsdottir","year":"2007","unstructured":"Olafsdottir E, Stefansson E (2007) Biennial eye screening in patients with diabetes without retinopathy: 10-year experience. Br J Ophthalmol 91:1599\u20131601","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4386_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2928-7","volume":"56","author":"HC Looker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Looker HC, Nyangoma SO, Cromie DT et al (2013) Predicted impact of extending the screening interval for diabetic retinopathy: the Scottish Diabetic Retinopathy Screening programme. Diabetologia 56:1716\u20131725","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4386_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1778","volume":"38","author":"GP Leese","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leese GP, Stratton IM, Land M et al (2015) Progression of diabetes retinal status within community screening programs and potential implications for screening intervals. Diabetes Care 38:488\u2013494","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4386_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12274","volume":"30","author":"BJ Echouffo\u2013Tcheugui","year":"2013","unstructured":"Echouffo\u2013Tcheugui BJ, Ali MK, Roglic G, Hayward RA, Narayan KM (2013) Screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy and incidence of visual loss: a systematic review. Diabet Med 30:1272\u20131292","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"4386_CR9","unstructured":"UK National Screening Committee (2015) Screening for diabetic retinopathy. Extending diabetic eye screening intervals for people at low risk of developing sight threatening retinopathy. Available from \nhttps:\/\/legacyscreening.phe.org.uk\/policydb_download.php?doc=546\n\n. Accessed 24 May 2017"},{"key":"4386_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2308","volume":"34","author":"E Agardh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agardh E, Tababat-Khani P (2011) Adopting 3-year screening intervals for sight-threatening retinal vascular lesions in type 2 diabetic subjects without retinopathy. Diabetes Care 34:1318\u20131319","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4386_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3310\/hta19740","volume":"19","author":"PH Scanlon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Scanlon PH, Aldington SJ, Leal J et al (2015) Development of a cost-effectiveness model for optimisation of the screening interval in diabetic retinopathy screening. Health Technol Assess 19:74","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"4386_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e484","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp14X680965","volume":"64","author":"A Lindenmeyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lindenmeyer A, Sturt JA, Hipwell A et al (2014) Influence of primary care practices on patients\u2019 uptake of diabetic retinopathy screening: a qualitative case study. Br J Gen Pract 64:e484\u2013e492","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"4386_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305938","volume":"100","author":"S Taylor-Phillips","year":"2016","unstructured":"Taylor-Phillips S, Mistry H, Leslie R et al (2016) Extending the diabetic retinopathy screening interval beyond 1\u2005year: systematic review. Br J Ophthalmol 100:105\u2013114","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"4386_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2940-y","volume":"56","author":"AJ Hayes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayes AJ, Leal J, Gray AM, Holman RR, Clarke PM (2013) UKPDS outcomes model 2: a new version of a model to simulate lifetime health outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using data from the 30 year United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study: UKPDS 82. Diabetologia 56:1925\u20131933","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4386_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2257-7","volume":"54","author":"T Aspelund","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aspelund T, \u00de\u00f3risd\u00f3ttir O, \u00d3lafsdottir E et al (2011) Individual risk assessment and information technology to optimise screening frequency for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 54:2525\u20132532","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4386_CR16","volume-title":"Probability, random variables, and stochastic processes","author":"A Papoulis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Papoulis A (1991) Probability, random variables, and stochastic processes, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York","edition":"3"},{"key":"4386_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0625","volume":"36","author":"IM Stratton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stratton IM, Aldington SJ, Taylor DJ, Adler AI, Scanlon PS (2013) A simple risk stratification for time to development of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 36:580\u2013585","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4386_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1985.10478195","volume":"80","author":"JD Kalbfleisch","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kalbfleisch JD, Lawless JF (1985) The analysis of panel data under a Markov assumption. J Am Stat Assoc 80:863\u2013871","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"4386_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.2307\/2530699","volume":"42","author":"R Kay","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kay R (1986) A Markov model for analysing cancer markers and disease states in survival studies. Biometrics 42:855\u2013865","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"4386_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280209105541","volume":"19","author":"AC Titman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Titman AC, Sharples LD (2010) Model diagnostics for multi-state models. Stat Methods Med Res 19:621\u2013651","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"4386_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/b11826","volume-title":"Flexible imputation of missing data","author":"S Buuren van","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Buuren S (2012) Flexible imputation of missing data. Chapman & Hall\/CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"4386_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3462-1","volume-title":"Regression modelling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis","author":"FE Harrell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harrell FE (2001) Regression modelling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis. Springer, New York"},{"key":"4386_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644","volume":"33","author":"KP Burnham","year":"2004","unstructured":"Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2004) Multimodal inference: understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociol Methods Res 33:261\u2013304","journal-title":"Sociol Methods Res"},{"key":"4386_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.05.007","volume":"79","author":"PC Austin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Austin PC, van Klaveren D, Vergouwe Y, Nieboer D, Lee DS, Steyerberg EW (2016) Geographic and temporal validity of prediction models: different approaches were useful to examine model performance. J Clin Epidemiol 79:76\u201385","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"4386_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3246-4","volume":"57","author":"AAWA Heijden van der","year":"2014","unstructured":"van der Heijden AAWA, Walraven I, van\u2019t Riet E (2014) Validation of a model to estimate personalised screening frequency to monitor diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 57:1332\u20131338","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4386_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h5441","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5441","volume":"351","author":"J Hippisley-Cox","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C (2015) Development and validation of risk prediction equations to estimate future risk of blindness and lower limb amputation in patients with diabetes: cohort study. BMJ 351:h5441","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"4386_CR27","first-page":"23","volume":"31","author":"IM Stratton","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stratton IM, Aldington SJ, Farmer AJ, Scanlon PH (2014) Personalised risk estimation for progression to sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy: how much does clinical information add to screening data? Diabet Med 31(Suppl1):23\u201324","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"4386_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12267-2","volume":"361","author":"N Younis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Younis N, Broadbent DM, Vora JP, Harding SP (2003) Incidence of sight threatening retinopathy in type 2 diabetes in a systematic screening programme. Lancet 361:195\u2013200","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4386_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2989-7","volume":"56","author":"M Porta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Porta M, Maurino M, Severini S et al (2013) Clinical characteristics influence screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 56:2147\u20132152","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4386_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-301246","volume":"98","author":"KGM Moons","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moons KGM, Kengne AP, Woodward M et al (2012) Risk prediction models: I. Development, internal validation, and assessing the incremental value of a new (bio)marker. Heart 98:683\u2013690","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"4386_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-301247","volume":"98","author":"KGM Moons","year":"2012","unstructured":"Moons KGM, Kengne AP, Grobbee DE et al (2012) Risk prediction models: II. External validation, model updating, and impact assessment. Heart 98:691\u2013698","journal-title":"Heart"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4386-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4386-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4386-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,27]],"date-time":"2017-09-27T06:28:58Z","timestamp":1506493738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4386-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]}},"alternative-id":["4386"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4386-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,24]]}}}