{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T08:44:29Z","timestamp":1790066669678,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529539200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["U01 DK103180-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 DK103180-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4660-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T06:05:55Z","timestamp":1529561155000},"page":"2043-2053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Ethnic differences in progression of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in relatives at risk"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"61","author":[{"name":"the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2111-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Tosur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan M.","family":"Geyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Libman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Baidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J.","family":"Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"4660_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1419","volume":"38","author":"RA Insel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Insel RA, Dunne JL, Atkinson MA et al (2015) Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: a scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 38:1964\u20131974","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6285","volume":"309","author":"AG Ziegler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O et al (2013) Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children. JAMA 309:2473\u20132479","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4660_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1459","volume":"31","author":"JM Sosenko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sosenko JM, Krischer JP, Palmer JP et al (2008) A risk score for type 1 diabetes derived from autoantibody-positive participants in the diabetes prevention trial-type 1. Diabetes Care 31:528\u2013533","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1610187","volume":"376","author":"EJ Mayer-Davis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D et al (2017) Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002-2012. N Engl J Med 376:1419\u20131429","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4660_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.5.1293","volume":"53","author":"E Barinas-Mitchell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barinas-Mitchell E, Pietropaolo S, Zhang YJ et al (2004) Islet cell autoimmunity in a triethnic adult population of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes 53:1293\u20131302","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"4660_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2012.00905.x","volume":"14","author":"MH Black","year":"2013","unstructured":"Black MH, Lawrence JM, Pihoker C et al (2013) HLA-associated phenotypes in youth with autoimmune diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 14:121\u2013128","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"4660_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.12.10.701","volume":"12","author":"EC Gay","year":"1989","unstructured":"Gay EC, Hamman RF, Carosone-Link PJ et al (1989) Colorado IDDM Registry: lower incidence of IDDM in Hispanics. Comparison of disease characteristics and care patterns in biethnic population. Diabetes Care 12:701\u2013708","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.15.10.1303","volume":"15","author":"JN Kostraba","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kostraba JN, Cruickshanks KJ, Neville TG et al (1992) Clinical characteristics of IDDM in Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Little evidence of heterogeneity by ethnicity. Diabetes Care 15:1303\u20131309","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.10.2876","volume":"26","author":"IM Libman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Libman IM, Pietropaolo M, Arslanian SA, LaPorte RE, Becker DJ (2003) Evidence for heterogeneous pathogenesis of insulin-treated diabetes in black and white children. Diabetes Care 26:2876\u20132882","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e328355b7fe","volume":"19","author":"G Morahan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Morahan G (2012) Insights into type 1 diabetes provided by genetic analyses. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity 19:263\u2013270","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity"},{"key":"4660_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399813666170502105402","volume":"14","author":"M Tosur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tosur M, Redondo MJ (2018) Heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes: the effect of ethnicity. Curr Diabetes Rev 14:266\u2013272","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"key":"4660_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13408","volume":"34","author":"K Gandhi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gandhi K, Tosur M, Schaub R, Haymond MW, Redondo MJ (2017) Racial and ethnic differences among children with new-onset autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 34:1435\u20131439","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"4660_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2335","volume":"41","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Libman I, Cheng P et al (2018) Racial\/ethnic minority youth with recent-onset type 1 diabetes have poor prognostic factors. Diabetes Care 41:1017\u20131024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1447.054","volume":"1150","author":"JS Skyler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Skyler JS, Greenbaum CJ, Lachin JM et al (2008) Type 1 diabetes TrialNet\u2014an international collaborative clinical trials network. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1150:14\u201324","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"4660_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2008.00464.x","volume":"10","author":"JL Mahon","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mahon JL, Sosenko JM, Rafkin-Mervis L et al (2009) The TrialNet Natural History Study of the Development of Type 1 Diabetes: objectives, design, and initial results. Pediatr Diabetes 10:97\u2013104","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"4660_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3924-5","volume":"59","author":"FA Meah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meah FA, DiMeglio LA, Greenbaum CJ et al (2016) The relationship between BMI and insulin resistance and progression from single to multiple autoantibody positivity and type 1 diabetes among TrialNet Pathway to Prevention participants. Diabetologia 59:1186\u20131195","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4660_CR17","unstructured":"NIH (2015) Racial and ethnic categories and definitions for NIH diversity programs and for other reporting purposes. NOT-OD-15-089. Available from \n                    https:\/\/grants.nih.gov\/grants\/guide\/notice-files\/NOT-OD-15-089.html\n                    \n                  , last accessed 24 May 2018"},{"key":"4660_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0302","volume":"39","author":"A Fouts","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fouts A, Pyle L, Yu L et al (2016) Do electrochemiluminescence assays improve prediction of time to type 1 diabetes in autoantibody-positive TrialNet subjects? Diabetes Care 39:1738\u20131744","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401424","volume":"35","author":"I Deschamps","year":"1992","unstructured":"Deschamps I, Boitard C, Hors J et al (1992) Life table analysis of the risk of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in siblings according to islet cell antibodies and HLA markers. An 8-year prospective study. Diabetologia 35:951\u2013957","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4660_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0641","volume":"34","author":"JM Sosenko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sosenko JM, Skyler JS, Mahon J et al (2011) Validation of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Risk Score in the TrialNet Natural History Study. Diabetes Care 34:1785\u20131787","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR21","unstructured":"Therneau TM, Crowson CS, Atkinson EJ (2015) Adjusted survival curves. Available from \n                    https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/survival\/vignettes\/adjcurve.pdf\n                    \n                  , last accessed 24 May 2018"},{"key":"4660_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008670","volume":"143","author":"FJ Nieto","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nieto FJ, Coresh J (1996) Adjusting survival curves for confounders: a review and a new method. Am J Epidemiol 143:1059\u20131068","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4660_CR23","unstructured":"Therneau TM, Atkinson EJ (2018) rpart: recursive partitioning and regression trees. R package version 4.1-12. Available from \n                    https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=rpart\n                    \n                   (last accessed 24\/5\/2018)"},{"key":"4660_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2292","volume":"39","author":"P Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu P, Krischer JP, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group (2016) Prognostic classification factors associated with development of multiple autoantibodies, dysglycemia, and type 1 diabetes\u2014a recursive partitioning analysis. Diabetes Care 39:1036\u20131044","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0961","volume":"41","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Geyer S, Steck AK et al (2018) TCF7L2 genetic variants contribute to phenotypic heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 41:311\u2013317","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR26","unstructured":"R Core Team (2017) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from \n                    https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/\n                    \n                  , last accessed 24 May 2018"},{"key":"4660_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21495","volume":"24","author":"WW Wong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wong WW, Strizich G, Heo M et al (2016) Relationship between body fat and BMI in a US Hispanic population-based cohort study: results from HCHS\/SOL. Obesity 24:1561\u20131571","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"4660_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12171","volume":"7","author":"WP Jayawardene","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jayawardene WP, Lohrmann D, Dickinson S, Talagala S, Torabi M (2017) Clinical measures of obesity and cumulative cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. Clin Obes 7:11\u201321","journal-title":"Clin Obes"},{"key":"4660_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.05.010","volume":"72","author":"AK Steck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steck AK, Dong F, Waugh K et al (2016) Predictors of slow progression to diabetes in children with multiple islet autoantibodies. J Autoimmun 72:113\u2013117","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"4660_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0261","volume":"66","author":"JP Krischer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krischer JP, Liu X, Lernmark A et al (2017) The influence of type 1 diabetes genetic susceptibility regions, age, sex, and family history on the progression from multiple autoantibodies to type 1 diabetes: a TEDDY study report. Diabetes 66:3122\u20133129","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"4660_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2228","volume":"40","author":"FK Gorus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorus FK, Balti EV, Messaaoui A et al (2017) Twenty-year progression rate to clinical onset according to autoantibody profile, age, and HLA-DQ genotype in a registry-based group of children and adults with a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 40:1065\u20131072","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2462","volume":"41","author":"EM Balke","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balke EM, Balti EV, Van der Auwera B et al (2018) Accelerated progression to type 1 diabetes in the presence of HLA-A*24 and -B*18 is restricted to multiple islet autoantibody-positive individuals with distinct HLA-DQ and autoantibody risk profiles. Diabetes Care 41:1076\u20131083","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2896-y","volume":"56","author":"P Achenbach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Achenbach P, Hummel M, Thumer L, Boerschmann H, Hofelmann D, Ziegler AG (2013) Characteristics of rapid vs slow progression to type 1 diabetes in multiple islet autoantibody-positive children. Diabetologia 56:1615\u20131622","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4660_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0167","volume":"59","author":"K Lipponen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lipponen K, Gombos Z, Kiviniemi M et al (2010) Effect of HLA class I and class II alleles on progression from autoantibody positivity to overt type 1 diabetes in children with risk-associated class II genotypes. Diabetes 59:3253\u20133256","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"4660_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8727(02)00252-0","volume":"18","author":"L Aviles-Santa","year":"2004","unstructured":"Aviles-Santa L, Maclaren N, Raskin P (2004) The relationship between immune-mediated type 1 diabetes mellitus and ethnicity. J Diabetes Complicat 18:1\u20139","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complicat"},{"key":"4660_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0493-358","volume":"3","author":"HA Erlich","year":"1993","unstructured":"Erlich HA, Zeidler A, Chang J et al (1993) HLA class II alleles and susceptibility and resistance to insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in Mexican-American families. Nat Genet 3:358\u2013364","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"4660_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1140","volume":"37","author":"JL Chiang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chiang JL, Kirkman MS, Laffel LM, Peters AL, Type 1 Diabetes Sourcebook Authors (2014) Type 1 diabetes through the life span: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 37:2034\u20132054","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4660_CR38","unstructured":"Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Flegal KM (2015) Prevalence of obesity among adults and youth: United States, 2011-2014. NCHS Data Brief No. 219, November 2015. Available from \n                    https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/products\/databriefs\/db219.htm\n                    \n                  , last accessed on 24 May 2018)"},{"issue":"Suppl 22","key":"4660_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12327","volume":"17","author":"J Ilonen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ilonen J, Kiviniemi M, Lempainen J et al (2016) Genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in childhood\u2014estimation of HLA class II associated disease risk and class II effect in various phases of islet autoimmunity. Pediatr Diabetes 17(Suppl 22):8\u201316","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"4660_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12597","volume":"19","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Steck AK, Pugliese A (2017) Genetics of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 19:346\u2013353","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"4660_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-4003","volume":"102","author":"AK Steck","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steck AK, Xu P, Geyer S et al (2017) Can non-HLA single nucleotide polymorphisms help stratify risk in TrialNet relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102:2873\u20132880","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-018-4660-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-018-4660-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-018-4660-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T20:02:42Z","timestamp":1561060962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-018-4660-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-018-4660-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 June 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no duality of interest associated with this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Duality of interest"}},{"value":"Part of this study was presented as an oral presentation at the 77th Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, San Diego, CA, USA, 9\u201313 June 2017.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Prior presentation"}}]}}