{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:49:01Z","timestamp":1790480941208,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-00703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-00703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4874-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T13:19:37Z","timestamp":1556630377000},"page":"1173-1184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Perinatal risk factors for type 1 diabetes revisited: a population-based register study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Ingeborg","family":"Waernbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisela","family":"Dahlquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-1098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torbj\u00f6rn","family":"Lind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8590","key":"4874_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91601-7","volume":"1","author":"AC Tarn","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tarn AC, Thomas JM, Dean BM et al (1988) Predicting insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet 1(8590):845\u2013850","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"17","key":"4874_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199010253231704","volume":"323","author":"WJ Riley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Riley WJ, Maclaren NK, Krischer J et al (1990) A prospective study of the development of diabetes in relatives of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. N Engl J Med 323(17):1167\u20131172. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM199010253231704","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4874_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.3.460","volume":"48","author":"AG Ziegler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ziegler AG, Hummel M, Schenker M, Bonifacio E (1999) Autoantibody appearance and risk for development of childhood diabetes in offspring of parents with type 1 diabetes: the 2-year analysis of the German BABYDIAB Study. Diabetes 48(3):460\u2013468. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.48.3.460","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"23","key":"4874_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6285","volume":"309","author":"AG Ziegler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simell O et al (2013) Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children. JAMA 309(23):2473\u20132479. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2013.6285","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8055","key":"4874_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)90001-6","volume":"1","author":"M Menser","year":"1978","unstructured":"Menser M, Forrest J, Bransby R (1978) Rubella infection and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1(8055):57\u201360","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4874_CR6","unstructured":"The Public Health Agency of Sweden (2017) Rubella. Available from \n                    www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se\/smittskydd-beredskap\/vaccinationer\/vacciner-a-o\/roda-hund\n                    \n                  . Accessed 30 May 2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"4874_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0813","volume":"60","author":"Y Berhan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berhan Y, Waernbaum I, Lind T, M\u00f6llsten A, Dahlquist G (2011) Thirty years of prospective nationwide incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes: the accelerating increase by time tends to level off in Sweden. Diabetes 60(2):577\u2013581. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db10-0813","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"4874_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265397","volume":"32","author":"L Blom","year":"1989","unstructured":"Blom L, Dahlquist G, Nystr\u00f6m L, Sandstr\u00f6m A, Wall S (1989) The Swedish childhood diabetes study\u2014social and perinatal determinants for diabetes in childhood. Diabetologia 32(1):7\u201313","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"4874_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00400261","volume":"35","author":"G Dahlquist","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dahlquist G, K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B (1992) Maternal-child blood group incompatibility and other perinatal events increase the risk for early-onset type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 35(7):671\u2013675. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00400261","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"10","key":"4874_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.10.1698","volume":"22","author":"G Dahlquist","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dahlquist G, Patterson C, Soltesz G (1999) Perinatal risk factors for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe. Diabetes Care 22(10):1698\u20131702. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.22.10.1698","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7066","key":"4874_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7066.1174","volume":"313","author":"G Dahlquist","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dahlquist G, Bennich SS, K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B (1996) Intrauterine growth pattern and risk of childhood onset insulin dependent (type I) diabetes: population based case-control study. BMJ 313(7066):1174\u20131177. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.313.7066.1174","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7291","key":"4874_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7291.889","volume":"322","author":"LC Stene","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stene LC, Magnus P, Lie RT, S\u00f8vik O, Joner G, Norweigian Childhood Diabetes Study Group (2001) Birth weight and childhood onset type 1 diabetes: population based cohort study. BMJ 322(7291):889\u2013892. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.322.7291.889","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"4874_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-1166","volume":"59","author":"CR Cardwell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G et al (2010) Maternal age at birth and childhood type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 30 observational studies. Diabetes 59(2):486\u2013494. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db09-1166","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"4874_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-011-0326-5","volume":"49","author":"MB McNamee","year":"2012","unstructured":"McNamee MB, Cardwell CR, Patterson CC (2012) Neonatal jaundice is associated with a small increase in the risk of childhood type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Acta Diabetol 49(1):83\u201387. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-011-0326-5","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4874_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1648-5","volume":"53","author":"CR Cardwell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G et al (2010) Birthweight and the risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies using individual patient data. Diabetologia 53(4):641\u2013651. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-009-1648-5","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"4874_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03291.x","volume":"28","author":"EB Henry","year":"2011","unstructured":"Henry EB, Patterson CC, Cardwell CR (2011) A meta-analysis of the association between pre-eclampsia and childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 28(8):900\u2013905. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03291.x","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"4874_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-0941-z","volume":"51","author":"CR Cardwell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cardwell CR, Stene LC, Joner G et al (2008) Caesarean section is associated with an increased risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetologia 51(5):726\u2013735. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-008-0941-z","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"7300","key":"4874_CR18","first-page":"1490","volume":"322","author":"LC Stene","year":"2001","unstructured":"Stene LC, Joner G (2001) Maternal age and risk of type 1 diabetes in children. Association may disappear after adjusting for year of birth. BMJ 322(7300):1490","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7300","key":"4874_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7300.1489","volume":"322","author":"CC Patterson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Patterson CC, Dahlquist G, Solt\u00e9sz G (2001) EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group. Maternal age and risk of type 1 diabetes in children. Relative risks by maternal age are biased. BMJ. 322(7300):1489\u20131490 author reply 1490-1491","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"4874_CR20","unstructured":"Socialstyrelsen (National Board of Health and Welfare) (2017) The Swedish Medical Birth Register. Available from \n                    www.socialstyrelsen.se\/register\/halsodataregister\/medicinskafodelseregistret\/inenglish\n                    \n                  . Accessed 22 Dec 2017"},{"key":"4874_CR21","unstructured":"K\u00e4ll\u00e9n B, K\u00e4ll\u00e9n K, Otterblad Olausson P (2003) Report No.: 2003-112-3. The Swedish Medical Birth Register\u2014a summary of content and quality. Centre for Epidemiology, National Board of Health and Welfare, Stockholm, p. 33"},{"key":"4874_CR22","unstructured":"Socialstyrelsen (National Board of Health and Welfare) (2018) The National Patient Register. Available from \n                    www.socialstyrelsen.se\/register\/halsodataregister\/patientregistret\/inenglish\n                    \n                  . Accessed May 30, 2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"4874_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450","volume":"11","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ludvigsson JF, Andersson E, Ekbom A et al (2011) External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register. BMC Public Health 11(1):450. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4874_CR24","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017) International classification of diseases. Available from \n                    www.who.int\/classifications\/icd\/en\n                    \n                  . Accessed 31 Dec 2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"4874_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199209000-00012","volume":"3","author":"DW Hosmer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S (1992) Confidence interval estimation of interaction. Epidemiology 3(5):452\u2013456. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00001648-199209000-00012","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"4874_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym157","volume":"36","author":"MJ Knol","year":"2007","unstructured":"Knol MJ, van der Tweel I, Grobbee DE, Numans ME, Geerlings MI (2007) Estimating interaction on an additive scale between continuous determinants in a logistic regression model. Int J Epidemiol 36(5):1111\u20131118. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dym157","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4874_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr218","volume":"41","author":"MJ Knol","year":"2012","unstructured":"Knol MJ, VanderWeele TJ (2012) Recommendations for presenting analyses of effect modification and interaction. Int J Epidemiol 41(2):514\u2013520. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyr218","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4874_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-8-70","volume":"8","author":"I Shrier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shrier I, Platt RW (2008) Reducing bias through directed acyclic graphs. BMC Med Res Methodol 8(1):70. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-8-70","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4874_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181810e29","volume":"19","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2008","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ, Hern\u00e1n MA, Robins JM (2008) Causal directed acyclic graphs and the direction of unmeasured confounding bias. Epidemiology 19(5):720\u2013728. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181810e29","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"4874_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.2.176","volume":"155","author":"MA Hern\u00e1n","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n MA, Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz S, Werler MM, Mitchell AA (2002) Causal knowledge as a prerequisite for confounding evaluation: an application to birth defects epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 155(2):176\u2013184. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/155.2.176","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4874_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws412","volume":"177","author":"D Westreich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Westreich D, Greenland S (2013) The Table 2 fallacy: presenting and interpreting confounder and modifier coefficients. Am J Epidemiol 177(4):292\u2013298. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kws412","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"4874_CR32","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017) Preterm birth. Available from \n                    www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs363\/en\n                    \n                  . Accessed 29 Dec 2017"},{"issue":"7","key":"4874_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14164.x","volume":"85","author":"K Mar\u0161\u00e1l","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mar\u0161\u00e1l K, Persson P-H, Larsen T, Lilja H, Selbing A, Sultan B (1996) Intrauterine growth curves based on ultrasonically estimated foetal weights. Acta Paediatr 85(7):843\u2013848. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14164.x","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"4874_CR34","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2015) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Available from \n                    www.R-project.org"},{"issue":"12","key":"4874_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp065","volume":"169","author":"T Harder","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harder T, Roepke K, Diller N, Stechling Y, Dudenhausen JW, Plagemann A (2009) Birth weight, early weight gain, and subsequent risk of type 1 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 169(12):1428\u20131436. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwp065","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4874_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3580-1","volume":"58","author":"HI Hussen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hussen HI, Persson M, Moradi T (2015) Maternal overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk of type 1 diabetes in offspring of parents without diabetes regardless of ethnicity. Diabetologia 58(7):1464\u20131473. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-015-3580-1","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4874_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.10.1755","volume":"25","author":"EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"EURODIAB Substudy 2 Study Group (2002) Rapid early growth is associated with increased risk of childhood type 1 diabetes in various European populations. Diabetes Care 25:1755\u20131760","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"4874_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.97","volume":"33","author":"TJ Wilkin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wilkin TJ (2009) The accelerator hypothesis: a review of the evidence for insulin resistance as the basis for type I as well as type II diabetes. Int J Obes 33(7):716\u2013726. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2009.97","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"10","key":"4874_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12214","volume":"15","author":"S Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li S, Zhang M, Tian H, Liu Z, Yin X, Xi B (2014) Preterm birth and risk of type 1 and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 15(10):804\u2013811. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12214","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"4874_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02878.x","volume":"26","author":"CS Algert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Algert CS, McElduff A, Morris JM, Roberts CL (2009) Perinatal risk factors for early onset of type 1 diabetes in a 2000\u20132005 birth cohort. Diabet Med 26(12):1193\u20131197. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02878.x","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"4874_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00079","volume":"7","author":"JM Melville","year":"2013","unstructured":"Melville JM, Moss TJM (2013) The immune consequences of preterm birth. Front Neurosci 7:79","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"4874_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02192.x","volume":"24","author":"M Locatelli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Locatelli M, Buzzetti R, Galgani A et al (2007) Length of gestation and gender are associated with HLA genotypes at risk for type 1 diabetes (Italian DIABFIN 3). Diabet Med 24(8):916\u2013919. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2007.02192.x","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4874_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304615","volume":"99","author":"R Tinnion","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tinnion R, Gillone J, Cheetham T, Embleton N (2014) Preterm birth and subsequent insulin sensitivity: a systematic review. Arch Dis Child 99(4):362\u2013368. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304615","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"4874_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510.e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.06.044","volume":"142","author":"N Mitselou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mitselou N, Hallberg J, Stephansson O, Almqvist C, Mel\u00e9n E, Ludvigsson JF (2018) Cesarean delivery, preterm birth, and risk of food allergy: nationwide Swedish cohort study of more than 1 million children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 142:1510.e2\u20131514.e2","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4874_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0148343","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148343","volume":"11","author":"AP Betr\u00e1n","year":"2016","unstructured":"Betr\u00e1n AP, Ye J, Moller A-B, Zhang J, G\u00fclmezoglu AM, Torloni MR (2016) The increasing trend in Caesarean section rates: global, regional and national estimates: 1990-2014. PLoS One 11(2):e0148343. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0148343","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"4874_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0596","volume":"135","author":"A Sevelsted","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sevelsted A, Stokholm J, Bonnelykke K, Bisgaard H (2015) Cesarean section and chronic immune disorders. Pediatrics 135(1):e92\u2013e98. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2014-0596","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4874_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303249","volume":"63","author":"HE Jakobsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jakobsson HE, Abrahamsson TR, Jenmalm MC et al (2013) Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by Caesarean section. Gut 63:559\u2013566","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"4874_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308514","volume":"64","author":"MH McLean","year":"2015","unstructured":"McLean MH, Dieguez D, Miller LM, Young HA (2015) Does the microbiota play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases? Gut 64(2):332\u2013341. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308514","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"3","key":"4874_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4272","volume":"23","author":"DM Chu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chu DM, Ma J, Prince AL, Antony KM, Seferovic MD, Aagaard KM (2017) Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery. Nat Med 23(3):314\u2013326. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.4272","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4874_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000488","volume":"27","author":"TD Clausen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clausen TD, Bergholt T, Eriksson F, Rasmussen S, Keiding N, L\u00f8kkegaard EC (2016) Prelabor cesarean section and risk of childhood type 1 diabetes: a nationwide register-based cohort study. Epidemiology 27(4):547\u2013555. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000488","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"13","key":"4874_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03510.x","volume":"119","author":"U Waldenstr\u00f6m","year":"2012","unstructured":"Waldenstr\u00f6m U, Gottvall K, Rasmussen S (2012) Caesarean section in nulliparous women of advanced maternal age has been reduced in Sweden and Norway since the 1970s: a register-based study. BJOG 119(13):1591\u20131596. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03510.x","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"5","key":"4874_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0198124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198124","volume":"13","author":"I Mogren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mogren I, Lindqvist M, Petersson K et al (2018) Maternal height and risk of caesarean section in singleton births in Sweden\u2014a population-based study using data from the Swedish Pregnancy Register 2011 to 2016. PLoS One 13(5):e0198124. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0198124","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4874_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.05.001","volume":"72","author":"Y Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu Y, Jin P, Peng J, Zhang X, Wong FS, Wen L (2016) Different immunological responses to early-life antibiotic exposure affecting autoimmune diabetes development in NOD mice. J Autoimmun 72:47\u201356. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaut.2016.05.001","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4874_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.02009.x","volume":"38","author":"J Schnarr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schnarr J, Smaill F (2008) Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Eur J Clin Investig 38(Suppl 2):50\u201357. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2008.02009.x","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"4874_CR55","first-page":"713","volume":"61","author":"JE Delzell Jr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Delzell JE Jr, LeFevre M (2000) Urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Am Fam Physician 61:713\u2013720","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"4874_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002455","volume":"131","author":"Committee on Practice Bulletins\u2014Obstetrics","year":"2018","unstructured":"Committee on Practice Bulletins\u2014Obstetrics (2018) ACOG practice bulletin no. 188: prelabor rupture of membranes. Obstet Gynecol 131:e1\u2013e14","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-019-4874-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-019-4874-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-019-4874-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T23:07:17Z","timestamp":1588115237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-019-4874-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["4874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-019-4874-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there is no duality of interest associated with this manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Duality of interest"}}]}}