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The HR for time to multiple autoimmunity was 0.54 (95% CI 0.39, 0.75) in offspring of affected mothers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009107\/1046, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.59, 1.11) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009114\/722, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.19) in offspring of affected fathers, compared with participants with a sibling with type 1 diabetes (comparator group <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200956\/306). The time to the first autoantibody present (to insulin, GAD, tyrosine phosphatase-related insulinoma-associated 2 molecules, islet cell or zinc transporter 8) was similar in the three groups. Height velocity (<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic> score\/year) in the first 24\u00a0months was independently associated with developing multiple antibodies in the total cohort (HR 1.31 [95% CI 1.01, 1.70], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04). A higher birthweight in children born to an affected mother vs affected father or an affected sibling was not related to the risk of multiple autoimmunity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The risk of developing multiple autoantibodies was lower in children with maternal type 1 diabetes. For the whole group, this risk of developing multiple autoantibodies was independent of birthweight but was greater in those with increased height velocity during the first 2\u00a0years of life. However, the risk associated with paternal type 1 diabetes was not linked to differences in birthweight or early growth.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link> NCT00179777<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>Graphical abstract<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05287-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]],"date-time":"2020-10-07T04:05:50Z","timestamp":1602043550000},"page":"119-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Association between family history, early growth and the risk of beta cell autoimmunity in children at risk for type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6337-7241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dani\u00e8le","family":"Pacaud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8823-7384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita M.","family":"Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3785-9834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Cuthbertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1311-351X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorothy J.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvi M.","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1695-5234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny","family":"Ludvigsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9973-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorma","family":"Ilonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Knip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the TRIGR investigators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"5287_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.10.1516","volume":"23","author":"M Karvonen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Karvonen M, Viik-Kajander M, Moltchanova E, Libman I, LaPorte R, Tuomilehto J (2000) Incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes worldwide. 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