{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T05:58:32Z","timestamp":1779343112914,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9liuksen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010135","name":"Finska L\u00e4kares\u00e4llskapet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010135","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Decision number 292538, and Centre of Excellence i"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Decision number 292538, and Centre of Excellence i"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"liv and h\u00e4lsa fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aims\/hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Shared aetiopathogenetic factors have been proposed in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes and both diseases have been shown to cluster in families. Characteristics related to type 2 diabetes have been described in patients with type 1 diabetes with a positive family history of type 2 diabetes. We wanted to characterise the family history of type 2 diabetes and its possible effects on the phenotype and genotype of type 1 diabetes in affected children at diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 4993 children under the age of 15\u00a0years with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes from the Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register were recruited (56.6% boys, median age of 8.2\u00a0years) for a cross-sectional, observational, population-based investigation. The family history of diabetes at diagnosis was determined by a structured questionnaire, and markers of metabolic derangement, autoantibodies and HLA class II genetics at diagnosis were analysed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Two per cent of the children had an immediate family member and 36% had grandparents with type 2 diabetes. Fathers and grandfathers were affected by type 2 diabetes more often than mothers and grandmothers. The children with a positive family history for type 2 diabetes were older at the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), had higher BMI-for-age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) and more often tested negative for all diabetes-related autoantibodies (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.02).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Features associated with type 2 diabetes, such as higher body weight, older age at diagnosis and autoantibody negativity, are more frequently already present at the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children with a positive family history of type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05342-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T05:03:52Z","timestamp":1608181432000},"page":"581-590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Family history of type 2 diabetes and characteristics of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"64","author":[{"name":"The Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Parkkola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maaret","family":"Turtinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taina","family":"H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorma","family":"Ilonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Knip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"5342_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250100548","volume":"44","author":"TJ Wilkin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wilkin TJ (2001) The accelerator hypothesis: weight gain as the missing link between type I and type II diabetes. Diabetologia 44(7):914\u2013922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001250100548","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"5342_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0102","volume":"42","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Evans-Molina C, Steck AK, Atkinson MA, Sosenko J (2019) The influence of type 2 diabetes\u2013associated factors on type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 42(8):1357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-0102","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"5342_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.7.831","volume":"40","author":"C Allen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Allen C, Palta M, D\u2019Alessio DJ (1991) Risk of diabetes in siblings and other relatives of IDDM subjects. Diabetes 40(7):831\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.40.7.831","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"12","key":"5342_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.31.12.1115","volume":"31","author":"MM Chern","year":"1982","unstructured":"Chern MM, Anderson VE, Barbosa J (1982) Empirical risk for insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) in sibs: further definition of genetic heterogeneity. Diabetes 31(12):1115\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.31.12.1115","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"5342_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00265396","volume":"32","author":"G Dahlquist","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dahlquist G, Blom L, Tuvemo T, Nystr\u00f6m L, Sandstr\u00f6m A, Wall S (1989) The Swedish childhood diabetes study \u2013 results from a nine year case register and a one year case-referent study indicating that type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus is associated with both type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and autoimmune disorders. Diabetologia 32(1):2\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00265396","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"5342_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s005920200028","volume":"39","author":"S Sipetic","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sipetic S, Vlajinac H, Kocev N, Marinkovic J, Radmanovic S, Denic L (2002) Family history and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 39(3):111\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s005920200028","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5342_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.31.2.136","volume":"31","author":"DK Wagener","year":"1982","unstructured":"Wagener DK, Sacks JM, LaPorte RE, Macgregor JM (1982) The Pittsburgh study of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Risk for diabetes among relatives of IDDM. Diabetes 31(2):136\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.31.2.136","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"5342_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-984443","volume":"115","author":"MB Weires","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weires MB, Tausch B, Haug PJ, Edwards CQ, Wetter T, Cannon-Albright LA (2007) Familiality of diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 115(10):634\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-984443","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"7","key":"5342_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.7.905","volume":"23","author":"PA Weiss","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weiss PA, Scholz HS, Haas J, Tamussino KF, Seissler J, Borkenstein MH (2000) Long-term follow-up of infants of mothers with type 1 diabetes: evidence for hereditary and nonhereditary transmission of diabetes and precursors. Diabetes Care 23(7):905\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.23.7.905","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"5342_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1091","volume":"34","author":"S Alhonen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Alhonen S, Korhonen S, Tapanainen P, Knip M, Veijola R (2011) Extended family history of diabetes and autoimmune diseases in children with and without type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 34(1):115\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc10-1091","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"5342_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s005920050102","volume":"35","author":"E Altobelli","year":"1998","unstructured":"Altobelli E, Chiarelli F, Valenti M, Verrotti A, Blasetti A, Orio FD (1998) Family history and risk of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a population-based case-control study. Acta Diabetol 35(1):57\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s005920050102","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5342_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-002-0790-0","volume":"45","author":"IF Douek","year":"2002","unstructured":"Douek IF, Gillespie KM, Bingley PJ, Gale EA (2002) Diabetes in the parents of children with type I diabetes. Diabetologia 45(4):495\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-002-0790-0","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"5342_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2008.03.015","volume":"82","author":"B Barone","year":"2008","unstructured":"Barone B, Rodacki M, Zajdenverg L et al (2008) Family history of type 2 diabetes is increased in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 82(1):e1\u2013e4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2008.03.015","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"5342_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1186-5","volume":"46","author":"IF Douek","year":"2003","unstructured":"Douek IF, Gillespie KM, Dix RJ, Bingley PJ, Gale EA (2003) Three generations of autoimmune diabetes: an extended family study. Diabetologia 46(10):1313\u20131318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-003-1186-5","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"5342_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2007.00241.x","volume":"8","author":"LK Gilliam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gilliam LK, Liese AD, Bloch CA et al (2007) Family history of diabetes, autoimmunity, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease among children with diabetes in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatr Diabetes 8(6):354\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2007.00241.x","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"5342_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0472","volume":"32","author":"LM Thorn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Thorn LM, Forsblom C, Waden J et al (2009) Effect of parental type 2 diabetes on offspring with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(1):63\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc08-0472","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"5342_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.6.e102","volume":"107","author":"EH Hathout","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hathout EH, Thomas W, El-Shahawy M, Nahab F, Mace JW (2001) Diabetic autoimmune markers in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Pediatrics 107(6):e102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.107.6.e102","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8737","key":"5342_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90988-2","volume":"337","author":"B Teupe","year":"1991","unstructured":"Teupe B, Bergis K (1991) Epidemiological evidence for \u201cdouble diabetes.\u201d. Lancet 337(8737):361\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90988-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"5342_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8649","volume":"87","author":"PA Zalloua","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zalloua PA, Shbaklo H, Halaby G, Terwedow H, Xu X, Azar ST (2002) Type-2 diabetes family history delays the onset of type-1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(7):3192\u20133196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8649","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"5342_CR20","first-page":"130","volume":"18","author":"B Malachowska","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malachowska B, Baranowska-Jazwiecka A, Hogendorf A, Szadkowska A, Fendler W, Mlynarski W (2012) Unequal contribution of familial factors to autoimmunity and clinical course of childhood diabetes. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 18(4):130\u2013136","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"5342_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051189","volume":"42","author":"JA Fagerudd","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fagerudd JA, Pettersson-Fernholm KJ, Gr\u00f6nhagen-Riska C, Groop P-H (1999) The impact of a family history of type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus on the risk of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 42(5):519\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001250051189","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"5342_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.4.610","volume":"21","author":"JR Erbey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Erbey JR, Kuller LH, Becker DJ, Orchard TJ (1998) The association between a family history of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease in a type 1 diabetes population. Diabetes Care 21(4):610\u2013614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.21.4.610","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"5342_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.10.2623","volume":"52","author":"JQ Purnell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Purnell JQ, Dev RK, Steffes MW et al (2003) Relationship of family history of type 2 diabetes, hypoglycemia, and autoantibodies to weight gain and lipids with intensive and conventional therapy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 52(10):2623\u20132629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.52.10.2623","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"5342_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0747","volume":"59","author":"VM Lundgren","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lundgren VM, Isomaa B, Lyssenko V et al (2010) GAD antibody positivity predicts type 2 diabetes in an adult population. Diabetes 59(2):416\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db09-0747","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"5342_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.5.589","volume":"23","author":"H Li","year":"2000","unstructured":"Li H, Isomaa B, Taskinen MR, Groop L, Tuomi T (2000) Consequences of a family history of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on the phenotype of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 23(5):589\u2013594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.23.5.589","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"5342_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7170","volume":"86","author":"H Li","year":"2001","unstructured":"Li H, Lindholm E, Almgren P et al (2001) Possible human leukocyte antigen-mediated genetic interaction between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(2):574\u2013582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.86.2.7170","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"5342_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e163","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12069","volume":"30","author":"VM Lundgren","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lundgren VM, Andersen MK, Isomaa B, Tuomi T (2012) Family history of type 1 diabetes affects insulin secretion in patients with \u2018type 2\u2019 diabetes. Diabet Med 30(5):e163\u2013e169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.12069","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5342_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0445","volume":"36","author":"A Parkkola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parkkola A, H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen T, Ryh\u00e4nen SJ, Ilonen J, Knip M, Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register (2013) Extended family history of type 1 diabetes and phenotype and genotype of newly diagnosed children. Diabetes Care 36(2):348\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc12-0445","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"5342_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2344","volume":"33","author":"A Hekkala","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hekkala A, Reunanen A, Koski M, Knip M, Veijola R, Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register (2010) Age-related differences in the frequency of ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 33(7):1500\u20131502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc09-2344","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"5342_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12697","volume":"19","author":"M Turtinen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Turtinen M, H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen T, Parkkola A, Ilonen J, Knip M (2018) Sex as a determinant of type 1 diabetes at diagnosis. Pediatr Diabetes 19(7):1221\u20131228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12697","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"Suppl 22","key":"5342_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12327","volume":"17","author":"J Ilonen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ilonen J, Kiviniemi M, Lempainen J et al (2016) Genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in childhood \u2013 estimation of HLA class II associated disease risk and class II effect in various phases of islet autoimmunity. Pediatr Diabetes 17(Suppl 22):8\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12327","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"5342_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01506.x","volume":"124","author":"MS Ronkainen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ronkainen MS, H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen AM, Koskela P, \u00c5kerblom HK, Knip M, Finnish TRIGR Study Group (2001) Pregnancy induces nonimmunoglobulin insulin-binding activity in both maternal and cord blood serum. Clin Exp Immunol 124(2):190\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01506.x","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5342_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051067","volume":"41","author":"K Savola","year":"1998","unstructured":"Savola K, Sabbah E, Kulmala P, V\u00e4h\u00e4salo P, Ilonen J, Knip M (1998) Autoantibodies associated with type I diabetes mellitus persist after diagnosis in children. Diabetologia 41(11):1293\u20131297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001250051067","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"5342_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050925","volume":"41","author":"K Savola","year":"1998","unstructured":"Savola K, Bonifacio E, Sabbah E et al (1998) IA-2 antibodies \u2013 a sensitive marker of IDDM with clinical onset in childhood and adolescence. Childhood Diabetes in Finland Study Group. Diabetologia 41(4):424\u2013429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001250050925","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"5342_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2440","volume":"29","author":"KM Salonen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salonen KM, Ryh\u00e4nen S, H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen T, Ilonen J, Knip M, Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register (2013) Autoantibodies against zinc transporter 8 are related to age, metabolic state and HLA DR genotype in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 29(8):646\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.2440","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"7892","key":"5342_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(74)90140-8","volume":"2","author":"GF Bottazzo","year":"1974","unstructured":"Bottazzo GF, Florin-Christensen A, Doniach D (1974) Islet-cell antibodies in diabetes mellitus with autoimmune polyendocrine deficiencies. Lancet 2(7892):1279\u20131283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(74)90140-8","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"5342_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2003.00071.x","volume":"62","author":"R Hermann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hermann R, Turpeinen H, Laine AP et al (2003) HLA DR-DQ-encoded genetic determinants of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in Finland: an analysis of 622 nuclear families. Tissue Antigens 62(2):162\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1399-0039.2003.00071.x","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"5342_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpra.2011.11.001","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2013","unstructured":"R Core Team (2013) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpra.2011.11.001"},{"key":"5342_CR39","unstructured":"WHO (2009) WHO AnthroPlus for personal computers manual: software for assessing growth of the world\u2019s children and adolescents. Available from https:\/\/www.who.int\/growthref\/tools. Accessed 15 Oct 2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"5342_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2006.09.003","volume":"33","author":"S Hadjadj","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hadjadj S, Duengler F, Torremocha F et al (2007) Maternal history of type 2 diabetes is associated with diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab 33(1):37\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabet.2006.09.003","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"5342_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1137","volume":"37","author":"A Kautzky-Willer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kautzky-Willer A, Harreiter J, Pacini G (2016) Sex and gender differences in risk, pathophysiology and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev 37(3):278\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2015-1137","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"5342_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03618","volume":"29","author":"A Holstein","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holstein A, Patzer O, Tiemann T, Vortherms J, Kovacs P (2012) Number and sex ratio of children and impact of parental diabetes in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med 29(10):1268\u20131271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03618","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"8750","key":"5342_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92835-P","volume":"337","author":"P Pozzilli","year":"1991","unstructured":"Pozzilli P, Visalli N, Signore A et al (1991) Clinical remission in patients with IDDM and family history of NIDDM. Lancet 337(8750):1165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0140-6736(91)92835-P","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"5342_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000008","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2013-000008","volume":"2","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Muniz J, Rodriguez LM et al (2014) Association of TCF7L2 variation with single islet autoantibody expression in children with type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2(1):e000008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2013-000008","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"5342_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.10.2871","volume":"26","author":"IM Libman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Libman IM, Pietropaolo M, Arslanian SA, LaPorte RE, Becker DJ (2003) Changing prevalence of overweight children and adolescents at onset of insulin-treated diabetes. Diabetes Care 26(10):2871\u20132875. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.26.10.2871","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05342-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05342-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05342-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T14:06:12Z","timestamp":1612533972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05342-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["5342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05342-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 February 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 December 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}