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Such suboptimal lighting conditions have been associated with adverse metabolic effects, and redesigning indoor lighting conditions to mimic the natural light\/dark cycle more closely holds promise to improve metabolic health. Our objective was to compare metabolic responses to lighting conditions that resemble the natural light\/dark cycle in contrast to suboptimal lighting in individuals at risk of developing metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Therefore, we here performed a non-blinded, randomised, controlled, crossover trial in which overweight insulin-resistant volunteers (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200914) were exposed to two 40\u00a0h laboratory sessions with different 24\u00a0h lighting protocols while staying in a metabolic chamber under real-life conditions. In the Bright day\u2013Dim evening condition, volunteers were exposed to electric bright light (~1250\u00a0lx) during the daytime (08:00\u201318:00\u00a0h) and to dim light (~5\u00a0lx) during the evening (18:00\u201323:00\u00a0h). Vice versa, in the Dim day\u2013Bright evening condition, volunteers were exposed to dim light during the daytime and bright light during the evening. Randomisation and allocation to light conditions were carried out by sequential numbering. During both lighting protocols, we performed 24\u00a0h indirect calorimetry, and continuous core body and skin temperature measurements, and took frequent blood samples. The primary outcome was plasma glucose focusing on the pre- and postprandial periods of the intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Spending the day in bright light resulted in a greater increase in postprandial triacylglycerol levels following breakfast, but lower glucose levels preceding the dinner meal at 18:00\u00a0h, compared with dim light (5.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 vs 5.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0mmol\/l,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.02). Dim day\u2013Bright evening reduced the increase in postprandial glucose after dinner compared with Bright day\u2013Dim evening (incremental AUC: 307\u2009\u00b1\u200955 vs 394\u2009\u00b1\u200966\u00a0mmol\/l\u2009\u00d7\u2009min,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.009). After the Bright day\u2013Dim evening condition the sleeping metabolic rate was identical compared with the baseline night, whereas it dropped after Dim day\u2013Bright evening. Melatonin secretion in the evening was strongly suppressed for Dim day\u2013Bright evening but not for Bright day\u2013Dim evening. Distal skin temperature for Bright day\u2013Dim evening was lower at 18:00\u00a0h (28.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u00b0C vs 29.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4\u00b0C,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.039) and higher at 23:00\u00a0h compared with Dim day\u2013Bright evening (30.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u00b0C vs 28.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u00b0C,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200913,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.006). Fasting and postprandial plasma insulin levels and the respiratory exchange ratio were not different between the two lighting protocols at any time.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, these findings suggest that the indoor light environment modulates postprandial substrate handling, energy expenditure and thermoregulation of insulin-resistant volunteers in a time-of-day-dependent manner.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      NCT03829982.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We acknowledge the financial support from the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative: an initiative with support from the Dutch Heart Foundation (CVON2014\u201302 ENERGISE).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05643-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T19:02:47Z","timestamp":1643742167000},"page":"721-732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The influence of bright and dim light on substrate metabolism, energy expenditure and thermoregulation in insulin-resistant individuals depends on time of day"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0962-8633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan-Frieder","family":"Harmsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Wefers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3969-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Doligkeit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8424-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luc","family":"Schlangen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bas","family":"Dautzenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9175-2731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Rense","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"van Moorsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0265-0870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joris","family":"Hoeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Moonen-Kornips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijke C. 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