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We examined whether a lower or higher birthweight in type 2 diabetes is associated with clinically relevant characteristics at disease onset.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Midwife records were traced for 6866 individuals with type 2 diabetes in the Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (DD2)\u00a0cohort. Using a cross-sectional design, we assessed age at diagnosis, anthropomorphic measures, comorbidities, medications, metabolic variables and family history of type 2 diabetes in individuals with the lowest 25% of birthweight (&lt;3000 g) and highest 25% of birthweight (&gt;3700 g), compared with a birthweight of 3000\u20133700 g as reference, using log-binomial and Poisson regression. Continuous relationships across the entire birthweight spectrum were assessed with linear and restricted cubic spline regression. Weighted polygenic scores (PS) for type 2 diabetes and birthweight were calculated to assess the impact of genetic predispositions.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Each 1000 g decrease in birthweight was associated with a 3.3 year (95% CI 2.9, 3.8) younger age of diabetes onset, 1.5 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (95% CI 1.2, 1.7) lower BMI and 3.9 cm (95% CI 3.3, 4.5) smaller waist circumference. Compared with the reference birthweight, a birthweight of &lt;3000 g was associated with more overall comorbidity (prevalence ratio [PR] for Charlson Comorbidity Index Score \u22653 was 1.36 [95% CI 1.07, 1.73]), having a systolic BP \u2265155 mmHg (PR 1.26 [95% CI 0.99, 1.59]), lower prevalence of diabetes-associated neurological disease, less likelihood of family history of type 2 diabetes, use of three or more glucose-lowering drugs (PR 1.33 [95% CI 1.06, 1.65]) and use of three or more antihypertensive drugs (PR 1.09 [95% CI 0.99, 1.20]). Clinically defined low birthweight (&lt;2500 g) yielded stronger associations. Most associations between birthweight and clinical characteristics appeared linear, and a higher birthweight was associated with characteristics mirroring lower birthweight in opposite directions. Results were robust to adjustments for PS representing weighted genetic predisposition for type 2 diabetes and birthweight.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Despite younger age at diagnosis, and fewer individuals with obesity and family history of type 2 diabetes, a birthweight &lt;3000 g was associated with more comorbidities, including a higher systolic BP, as well as with greater use of glucose-lowering and antihypertensive medications, in individuals with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05936-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,11]],"date-time":"2023-06-11T23:02:11Z","timestamp":1686524531000},"page":"1680-1692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Birthweight is associated with clinical characteristics in people with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9514-8942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander L.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9135-3474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reimar W.","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6653-9020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Br\u00f8ns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1171-7694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helene M. L.","family":"Svane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4241-3394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rasmus T.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8227-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mette K.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8748-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torben","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3179-1186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens S.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vestergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0891-4224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"H\u00f8jlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5613-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Jessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2230-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael H.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4299-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik T.","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3690-2191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan A.","family":"Vaag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10159","key":"5936_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","volume":"392","author":"SL James","year":"2018","unstructured":"James SL, Abate D, Abate KH et al (2018) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. 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Diabetologia 57(12):2465\u20132474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-014-3369-7","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-023-05936-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-023-05936-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-023-05936-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T13:02:34Z","timestamp":1690808554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-023-05936-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-023-05936-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 January 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 April 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 June 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors are grateful to all participants in the DD2 study and to the healthcare personnel who recruited the participants at the general practices and outpatient clinics. The authors sincerely thank the DD2 management and the DD2 data managers. An abstract version of this study was presented at the EASD 2022 annual meeting in Stockholm, 22 September 2022.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Acknowledgements"}},{"value":"Danish data protection legislation does not allow sharing of the individual-level personal data used for this study. However, a data dictionary for variables used in the study and analysis code is in preparation and will be shared and made publicly available on the DD2 website,  (expected in late 2023). Requests to access the Danish health registries used in this study can be sent from researchers at authorised research institutions to the Danish Health Data Authority by e-mail to forskerservice@sundhedsdata.dk. Requests to use the primary collected DD2 data can be made at .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"Open access funding provided by Lund University. The DD2 study was supported by the Danish Agency for Science (grant no. 09\u2013067009 and 09\u2013075724), the Danish Health and Medicines Authority, the Danish Diabetes Association, the Region of Southern Denmark, and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant no. NNF17SA0030962\u20132, NNF20O0063292 and NNF17SA0030364). Project partners are listed on the  website. The study funders were not involved in the design of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or writing the report. They did not impose any restrictions regarding publication of the report. The Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, receives funding for other studies in the form of institutional research grants to (and administered by) Aarhus University. None of these studies has any relation to the present study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"CB owns stock in Novo Nordisk. MHO has received payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations or educational events from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim, and has unpaid positions as chairperson of the Danish Hypertension Society and a Nucleus member of the Working Group for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Danish Society of Cardiology. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"AAV conceived and designed the study and is the guarantor of the study. JSN was the principal manager of the Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (DD2). ALH performed the statistical analysis, prepared the first draft of the manuscript, and revised the draft. All authors contributed to the interpretation of data and critically revised the content of the draft. AAV, RWT and HTS supervised the study. All authors read and approved the manuscript, and gave final approval of the version to be published. As such, they had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}