{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T02:10:04Z","timestamp":1792807804796,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DK133637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DK133637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01ES032470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES032470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1AG074372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1AG074372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aims\/hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We sought to quantify the relationship between morning, afternoon or evening physical activity and consistency (e.g. routine) and risk of type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A cohort of 93,095 UK Biobank participants (mean age 62 years) without a history of type 2 diabetes wore a wrist-worn accelerometer for 1 week. We converted accelerometer information to estimate metabolic equivalent of task (MET), summing MET h of total physical activity completed within three intra-day time segments (morning, afternoon and evening). We quantified physical activity consistency as the SD of participants\u2019 daily total physical activity. We ultimately associated each of the following with incident type 2 diabetes: (1) morning, afternoon or evening \u2018time-segmented\u2019 MET h per week; and (2) consistency. We also considered moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) in association with type 2 diabetes incidence.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>When considering MET as the physical activity measure, we observed protective associations of morning (HR 0.90 [95% CI 0.86, 0.93],<jats:italic> p<\/jats:italic>=7\u00d710<jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>) and afternoon (HR 0.91 [95% CI 0.87, 0.95], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=1\u00d710<jats:sup>\u22125<\/jats:sup>) but did not have evidence for evening physical activity (HR 0.95 [95% CI 0.90, 1.00], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.07) with type 2 diabetes. There was no difference between MET-measured morning and afternoon physical activity. Our substitution model highlighted the importance of adjusting for lifestyle factors (e.g. sleep time and diet); the effect of a substitution between afternoon and evening physical activity was attenuated after adjustment for lifestyle variables. Consistency of MET-measured physical activity was not associated with type 2 diabetes (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.07). MVPA and VPA were associated with decreased risk for type 2 diabetes at all times of the day.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Total metabolic equivalents of physical activity in the morning and afternoon had a protective effect on diabetes risk and evening activity was not associated with diabetes. Consistency of physical activity did not play a role in decreasing risk for diabetes. Vigorous activity is associated with lower risk no matter the time of day of activity.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06001-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T05:02:07Z","timestamp":1695186127000},"page":"2275-2282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Association between timing and consistency of physical activity and type 2 diabetes: a cohort study on participants of the UK Biobank"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1215-2162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caiwei","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlyne","family":"B\u00fcrki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth E.","family":"Westerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8756-8525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chirag J.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6001_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36546-5","volume":"14","author":"H Feng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Feng H, Yang L, Liang YY et al (2023) Associations of timing of physical activity with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a prospective cohort study. Nat Commun 14(1):930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-36546-5","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"6001_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169649","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169649","volume":"12","author":"A Doherty","year":"2017","unstructured":"Doherty A, Jackson D, Hammerla N et al (2017) Large scale population assessment of physical activity using wrist worn accelerometers: the UK Biobank study. PLOS ONE 12(2):e0169649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0169649","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"6001_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Le Goallec A, Collin S, Jabri M, Diai S, Vincent T, Patel CJ (2023) Machine learning approaches to predict age from accelerometer records of physical activity at biobank scale. PLOS Digital Health 2(1):e0000176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000176"},{"issue":"9 Suppl","key":"6001_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S498","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009","volume":"32","author":"BE Ainsworth","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Whitt MC et al (2000) Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32(9 Suppl):S498\u2013S504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"6001_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van der Velde JHPM, Boone SC, Winters-van Eekelen E et al (2022) Timing of physical activity in relation to liver fat content and insulin resistance. Diabetologia. 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Diabetes Care 26(Suppl 1):S73\u2013S77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.26.2007.S73","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"6001_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2015-0152","volume":"13","author":"AK Chomistek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chomistek AK, Shiroma EJ, Lee IM (2016) The relationship between time of day of physical activity and obesity in older women. J Phys Act Health 13(4):416\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2015-0152","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"6001_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2017-0389","volume":"16","author":"CR Marinac","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marinac CR, Quante M, Mariani S et al (2019) Associations between timing of meals, physical activity, light exposure, and sleep with body mass index in free-living adults. 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Mayo Clin Proc 97(9):1631\u20131640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.02.028","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"6001_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010038","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010038","volume":"6","author":"S Cassidy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cassidy S, Chau JY, Catt M, Bauman A, Trenell MI (2016) Cross-sectional study of diet, physical activity, television viewing and sleep duration in 233 110 adults from the UK Biobank; the behavioural phenotype of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open 6(3):e010038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010038","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6001_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Strain T, Dempsey PC, Wijndaele K et al (2023) Quantifying the relationship between physical activity energy expenditure and incident type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study of device-measured activity in 90,096 adults. Diabetes Care. Published online 24 January. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc22-1467","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1467"},{"issue":"9","key":"6001_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx246","volume":"186","author":"A Fry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fry A, Littlejohns TJ, Sudlow C et al (2017) Comparison of sociodemographic and health-related characteristics of UK biobank participants with those of the general population. Am J Epidemiol 186(9):1026\u20131034. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwx246","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-023-06001-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-023-06001-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-023-06001-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T12:02:56Z","timestamp":1699272176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-023-06001-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-023-06001-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 September 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors acknowledge and appreciate the effort and involvement of the UK Biobank participants and staff in this study. Application no. 52887 was used to conduct the research with the UK Biobank resource.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Acknowledgements"}},{"value":"UK Biobank data are available through a procedure described at .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"This study was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants R01ES032470 (CJP and CT), RF1AG074372 (CJP) and K01DK133637 (KEW).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"CT and CJP designed the study and initial analysis plan. CT and CB contributed to the data processing and analysis. CT, CJP and KEW performed statistical analysis. CT and CJP wrote the manuscript draft. Every author contributed to discussion and revision of the manuscript. CJP confirmed that all authors included in the list meet the necessary authorship criteria and that no other individuals who meet the criteria have been excluded. As the guarantor of this work, CJP had complete access to all data analysed in the study and bears responsibility for ensuring the data's integrity and accuracy in the analysis.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}