{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:10:41Z","timestamp":1793049041455,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003092","name":"Diabetes Fonds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017\u201381\u2013014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\u201381\u2013014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aims\/hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Hypomagnesaemia has been associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Whether magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium level is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using a randomised, double-blind (both participants and investigators were blinded to the participants\u2019 treatment sequences), placebo-controlled, crossover study design, we compared the effect of oral magnesium supplementation (15 mmol\/day) for 6 weeks with that of matched placebo in individuals with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes (age \u226518 years, BMI 18\u201340 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> &lt;100 mmol\/mol [11.3%], serum magnesium \u22640.79 mmol\/l). Participants were recruited from the outpatient clinic and through advertisements. Randomisation to a treatment sequence order was done using a randomisation list. We used block randomisation and the two possible treatment sequences were evenly distributed among the trial population. The primary outcome was the mean glucose infusion rate during the final 30 min of a hyperinsulinaemic\u2013euglycaemic clamp (i.e. <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> value). Secondary outcomes included variables of glucose control, insulin need, BP, lipid profile and hypomagnesaemia-related symptoms during follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We recruited 14 participants (50% women, 100% White, mean \u00b1 SD age 67\u00b16 years, BMI 31\u00b15 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> 58\u00b19 mmol\/mol [7.4\u00b10.9%]) with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Magnesium supplementation increased both mean \u00b1 SEM serum magnesium level (0.75\u00b10.02 vs 0.70\u00b10.02 mmol\/l, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.016) and urinary magnesium excretion (magnesium\/creatinine ratio, 0.23\u00b10.02 vs 0.15\u00b10.02, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.005), as compared with placebo. The <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> value of the glucose clamp did not differ between the magnesium and placebo study arms (4.6\u00b10.5 vs 4.4\u00b10.6 mg kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.108). During the 6 weeks of treatment, continuous glucose monitoring outcomes, HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, insulin dose, lipid profile and BP also did not differ, except for a lower HDL-cholesterol concentration after magnesium compared with placebo (1.14\u00b10.08 vs 1.20\u00b10.09 mmol\/l, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.026). Symptoms potentially related to hypomagnesaemia were similar for both treatment arms.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Despite an albeit modest increase in serum magnesium concentration, oral magnesium supplementation does not improve insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and low magnesium levels.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>EudraCT number 2021-001243-27.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study was supported by a grant from the Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation (2017\u201381\u2013014).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06029-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T06:01:46Z","timestamp":1698991306000},"page":"52-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Oral magnesium supplementation does not affect insulin sensitivity in people with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and a low serum magnesium: a randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3020-7948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda C. A.","family":"Drenthen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2372-8486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen H. F.","family":"de Baaij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Rodwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonius E.","family":"van Herwaarden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0322-1653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cees J.","family":"Tack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1255-7741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastiaan E.","family":"de Galan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"6029_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0236","volume":"44","author":"LJ Oost","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oost LJ, van der Heijden A, Vermeulen EA et al (2021) Serum magnesium is inversely associated with heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 44(8):1757\u20131765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-0236","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"6029_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.02960906","volume":"2","author":"PC Pham","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pham PC, Pham PM, Pham SV, Miller JM, Pham PT (2007) Hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2(2):366\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/cjn.02960906","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6029_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-16-0517","volume":"176","author":"S Kurstjens","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kurstjens S, de Baaij JH, Bouras H, Bindels RJ, Tack CJ, Hoenderop JG (2017) Determinants of hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Endocrinol 176(1):11\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-16-0517","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6029_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac028","volume":"44","author":"LJ Oost","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oost LJ, Tack CJ, de Baaij JHF (2023) Hypomagnesemia and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev 44(3):357\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnac028","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"6029_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0518","volume":"34","author":"JY Dong","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dong JY, Xun P, He K, Qin LQ (2011) Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care 34(9):2116\u20132122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc11-0518","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"6029_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1397","volume":"37","author":"A Hruby","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hruby A, Meigs JB, O\u2019Donnell CJ, Jacques PF, McKeown NM (2014) Higher magnesium intake reduces risk of impaired glucose and insulin metabolism and progression from prediabetes to diabetes in middle-aged Americans. Diabetes Care 37(2):419\u2013427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-1397","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"6029_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e032240","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032240","volume":"10","author":"B Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao B, Zeng L, Zhao J et al (2020) Association of magnesium intake with type 2 diabetes and total stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 10(3):e032240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032240","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6029_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"(2021) 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care 44(Suppl 1):S15\u2013S33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-S002","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S002"},{"issue":"6","key":"6029_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0217925","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217925","volume":"14","author":"LMM Gommers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gommers LMM, Hill TG, Ashcroft FM, de Baaij JHF (2019) Low extracellular magnesium does not impair glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. PLoS One 14(6):e0217925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0217925","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"6029_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1028","volume":"65","author":"LM Gommers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gommers LM, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ, de Baaij JH (2016) Hypomagnesemia in type 2 diabetes: a vicious circle? Diabetes 65(1):3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db15-1028","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"6029_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061351","volume":"20","author":"K Kostov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kostov K (2019) Effects of magnesium deficiency on mechanisms of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: focusing on the processes of insulin secretion and signaling. Int J Mol Sci 20(6):1351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20061351","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"6029_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020320","volume":"13","author":"G Piuri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piuri G, Zocchi M, Della Porta M et al (2021) Magnesium in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. Nutrients 13(2):320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13020320","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6029_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986616","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.986616","volume":"13","author":"LJ Oost","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oost LJ, Kurstjens S, Ma C, Hoenderop JGJ, Tack CJ, de Baaij JHF (2022) Magnesium increases insulin-dependent glucose uptake in adipocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:986616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.986616","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"7","key":"6029_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066618777431","volume":"35","author":"Z Heidary","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heidary Z, Khalili H, Mohammadi M, Beigmohammadi MT, Abdollahi A (2020) Effect of magnesium loading dose on insulin resistance in patients with stress-induced hyperglycemia: a randomized clinical trial. J Intensive Care Med 35(7):687\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0885066618777431","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"6029_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.12.4.265","volume":"12","author":"G Paolisso","year":"1989","unstructured":"Paolisso G, Sgambato S, Pizza G, Passariello N, Varricchio M, D\u2019Onofrio F (1989) Improved insulin response and action by chronic magnesium administration in aged NIDDM subjects. Diabetes Care 12(4):265\u2013269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.12.4.265","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"6029_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01852.x","volume":"23","author":"Y Song","year":"2006","unstructured":"Song Y, He K, Levitan EB, Manson JE, Liu S (2006) Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials. Diabet Med 23(10):1050\u20131056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01852.x","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"6029_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.06.019","volume":"111","author":"LE Simental-Mend\u00eda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Sahebkar A, Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M, Guerrero-Romero F (2016) A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effects of magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and glucose control. Pharmacol Res 111:272\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.06.019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"6029_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114521005201","volume":"128","author":"O Asbaghi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asbaghi O, Moradi S, Kashkooli S et al (2022) The effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Br J Nutr 128(12):2363\u20132372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114521005201","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"6029_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2006.027276","volume":"40","author":"CG Ryan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ryan CG, Grant PM, Tigbe WW, Granat MH (2006) The validity and reliability of a novel activity monitor as a measure of walking. Br J Sports Med 40(9):779\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsm.2006.027276","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6029_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.2.364","volume":"25","author":"GB Keijzers","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keijzers GB, De Galan BE, Tack CJ, Smits P (2002) Caffeine can decrease insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes Care 25(2):364\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.25.2.364","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6029_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00012.2014","volume":"95","author":"JH de Baaij","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ (2015) Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev 95(1):1\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00012.2014","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6029_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i3","DOI":"10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163","volume":"5","author":"W Jahnen-Dechent","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M (2012) Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J 5(Suppl 1):i3\u2013i14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndtplus\/sfr163","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"3","key":"6029_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E214","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1979.237.3.E214","volume":"237","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"1979","unstructured":"DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R (1979) Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol 237(3):E214-223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.1979.237.3.E214","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6029_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0028","volume":"42","author":"T Battelino","year":"2019","unstructured":"Battelino T, Danne T, Bergenstal RM et al (2019) Clinical targets for continuous glucose monitoring data interpretation: recommendations from the international consensus on time in range. Diabetes Care 42(8):1593\u20131603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci19-0028","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"6029_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/37\/10\/1653","volume":"37","author":"EA Winkler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Winkler EA, Bodicoat DH, Healy GN et al (2016) Identifying adults\u2019 valid waking wear time by automated estimation in activPAL data collected with a 24 h wear protocol. Physiol Meas 37(10):1653\u20131668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0967-3334\/37\/10\/1653","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"issue":"5","key":"6029_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000001177","volume":"49","author":"K Lyden","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lyden K, Keadle SK, Staudenmayer J, Freedson PS (2017) The activPALTM accurately classifies activity intensity categories in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 49(5):1022\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1249\/mss.0000000000001177","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"6029_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05893-9","volume":"66","author":"LCA Drenthen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Drenthen LCA, Ajie M, Abbink EJ et al (2023) No insulin degludec dose adjustment required after aerobic exercise for people with type 1 diabetes: the ADREM study. Diabetologia 66(6):1035\u20131044. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-023-05893-9","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"6029_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2022.11.2.133","volume":"11","author":"M Zamani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zamani M, Haghighat N (2022) The effects of magnesium supplementation on serum magnesium and calcium concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr Res 11(2):133\u2013145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7762\/cnr.2022.11.2.133","journal-title":"Clin Nutr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"6029_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2174\/1573401313666170427162740","volume":"13","author":"JP Schuchardt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schuchardt JP, Hahn A (2017) Intestinal absorption and factors influencing bioavailability of magnesium-an update. Curr Nutr Food Sci 13(4):260\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1573401313666170427162740","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Food Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"6029_CR30","first-page":"215","volume":"18","author":"C Coudray","year":"2005","unstructured":"Coudray C, Rambeau M, Feillet-Coudray C et al (2005) Study of magnesium bioavailability from ten organic and inorganic Mg salts in Mg-depleted rats using a stable isotope approach. Magnes Res 18(4):215\u2013223","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6029_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-01467","volume":"29","author":"AJ Rennings","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rennings AJ, Smits P, Stewart MW, Tack CJ (2006) Fluid retention and vascular effects of rosiglitazone in obese, insulin-resistant, nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 29(3):581\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-01467","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"6029_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2339","volume":"35","author":"CS Tam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tam CS, Xie W, Johnson WD, Cefalu WT, Redman LM, Ravussin E (2012) Defining insulin resistance from hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Diabetes Care 35(7):1605\u20131610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc11-2339","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6029_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01687-6","volume":"193","author":"M Sadeghian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sadeghian M, Azadbakht L, Khalili N, Mortazavi M, Esmaillzadeh A (2020) Oral magnesium supplementation improved lipid profile but increased insulin resistance in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Biol Trace Elem Res 193(1):23\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-019-01687-6","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"6029_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1056-5","volume":"181","author":"R Razzaghi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Razzaghi R, Pidar F, Momen-Heravi M, Bahmani F, Akbari H, Asemi Z (2018) Magnesium supplementation and the effects on wound healing and metabolic status in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized, double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Biol Trace Elem Res 181(2):207\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-017-1056-5","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"6029_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Valk HW, Verkaaik R, van Rijn HJ, Geerdink RA, Struyvenberg A (1998) Oral magnesium supplementation in insulin-requiring type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med 15(6):503\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1096-9136(199806)15:6<503::Aid-dia596>3.0.Co;2-m","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1096-9136(199806)15:6<503::Aid-dia596>3.0.Co;2-m"},{"issue":"3","key":"6029_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02209-5","volume":"199","author":"O Asbaghi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asbaghi O, Moradi S, Nezamoleslami S et al (2021) The effects of magnesium supplementation on lipid profile among type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biol Trace Elem Res 199(3):861\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-020-02209-5","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"6029_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02157-0","volume":"199","author":"O Asbaghi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Asbaghi O, Hosseini R, Boozari B, Ghaedi E, Kashkooli S, Moradi S (2021) The effects of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure and obesity measure among type 2 diabetes patient: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Biol Trace Elem Res 199(2):413\u2013424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-020-02157-0","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"6029_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-017-2212-8","volume":"73","author":"LE Simental-Mend\u00eda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Simental-Mend\u00eda M, Sahebkar A, Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M, Guerrero-Romero F (2017) Effect of magnesium supplementation on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 73(5):525\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-017-2212-8","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6029_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd010655","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010655.pub3","volume":"12","author":"L Luo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luo L, Zhou K, Zhang J, Xu L, Yin W (2020) Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12(12):Cd010655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD010655.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"6029_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd009402","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009402.pub3","volume":"9","author":"SR Garrison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garrison SR, Korownyk CS, Kolber MR et al (2020) Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9(9):Cd009402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD009402.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"6029_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05201.x","volume":"36","author":"MW Hess","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hess MW, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ, Drenth JP (2012) Systematic review: hypomagnesaemia induced by proton pump inhibition. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 36(5):405\u2013413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05201.x","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-023-06029-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-023-06029-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-023-06029-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T10:03:58Z","timestamp":1702029838000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-023-06029-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["6029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-023-06029-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 August 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors thank all volunteers for their participation. The authors thank M. Ajie (Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands) and E. Bakker (Department of Physiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands) for their assistance with analysing CGM data and activity tracker data, respectively. The authors also thank E. J. Abbink (Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands) and L. J. Oost (Department of Physiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands) for their comments on the protocol, and E. J. Abbink and the research nurses from the Radboudumc Technology Center Department of Clinical Studies, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, for assistance during the clamps. The individuals named above, and the research nurses, received no financial support for their participation.\u00a0Some of the data was presented as an abstract at the EASD annual meeting in 2023.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Acknowledgements"}},{"value":"The datasets generated during and\/or analysed in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"The study was supported by a grant from the Dutch Diabetes Research Foundation (2017\u201381\u2013014). The foundation was not involved in the collection, analyses and interpretation of data, nor in writing the report and the decision to submit for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"BEdG is associate editor for <i>Diabetologia<\/i>, but was not involved in the handling of the manuscript during the editorial process. The other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"LCAD, JHFdB, CJT and BEdG designed the study. LCAD recruited the participants, performed the experiments, collected the data and wrote the first version of the manuscript. LCAD and LR performed the statistical analyses. AEvH supervised the laboratory analyses. All authors discussed the results and implications, commented on the manuscript at all stages and approved the final version of the manuscript. BEdG is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}