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We included all deliveries after 22 gestational weeks (GW) in women without pre-existing diabetes recorded in 2018. Women with hyperglycaemia were classified as having overt diabetes in pregnancy or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), then categorised into three subgroups according to their gestational age at the time of GDM diagnosis: before 22 GW (GDM\n                      <jats:sub>&lt;22<\/jats:sub>\n                      ); between 22 and 30 GW (GDM\n                      <jats:sub>22\u201330<\/jats:sub>\n                      ); and after 30 GW (GDM\n                      <jats:sub>&gt;30<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). Adjusted prevalence ratios (95% CI) for the outcomes were estimated after adjusting for maternal age, gestational age and socioeconomic status. Due to the multiple tests, we considered an association to be statistically significant according to the Holm\u2013Bonferroni procedure. To take into account the potential immortal time bias, we performed analyses on deliveries at \u226531 GW and deliveries at \u226537 GW.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study population of 695,912 women who gave birth in 2018 included 84,705 women (12.2%) with hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: overt diabetes in pregnancy, 0.4%; GDM\n                      <jats:sub>&lt;22<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 36.8%; GDM\n                      <jats:sub>22\u201330<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 52.4%; and GDM\n                      <jats:sub>&gt;30<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 10.4%. The following outcomes were statistically significant after Holm\u2013Bonferroni adjustment for deliveries at \u226531 GW using GDM\n                      <jats:sub>22\u201330<\/jats:sub>\n                      as the reference. Caesarean sections (1.54 [1.39, 1.72]), large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants (2.00 [1.72, 2.32]), Erb\u2019s palsy or clavicle fracture (6.38 [2.42, 16.8]), preterm birth (1.84 [1.41, 2.40]) and neonatal hypoglycaemia (1.98 [1.39, 2.83]) were more frequent in women with overt diabetes. Similarly, LGA infants (1.10 [1.06, 1.14]) and Erb\u2019s palsy or clavicle fracture (1.55 [1.22, 1.99]) were more frequent in GDM\n                      <jats:sub>&lt;22<\/jats:sub>\n                      . LGA infants (1.44 [1.37, 1.52]) were more frequent in GDM\n                      <jats:sub>&gt;30<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Finally, women without hyperglycaemia in pregnancy were less likely to have preeclampsia or eclampsia (0.74 [0.69, 0.79]), Caesarean section (0.80 [0.79, 0.82]), pregnancy and postpartum haemorrhage (0.93 [0.89, 0.96]), LGA neonate (0.67 [0.65, 0.69]), premature neonate (0.80 [0.77, 0.83]) and neonate with neonatal hypoglycaemia (0.73 [0.66, 0.82]). Overall, the results were similar for deliveries at \u226537 GW. Although the estimation of the adjusted prevalence ratio of perinatal death was five times higher (5.06 [1.87, 13.7]) for women with overt diabetes, this result was non-significant after Holm\u2013Bonferroni adjustment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with GDM\n                      <jats:sub>22\u201330<\/jats:sub>\n                      , overt diabetes, GDM\n                      <jats:sub>&lt;22<\/jats:sub>\n                      and, to a lesser extent, GDM\n                      <jats:sub>&gt;30<\/jats:sub>\n                      were associated with poorer maternal\u2013fetal outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-06066-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T17:08:10Z","timestamp":1704474490000},"page":"516-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Maternal and neonatal outcomes according to the timing of diagnosis of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: a nationwide cross-sectional study of 695,912 deliveries in France in 2018"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0781-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nolwenn","family":"Regnault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2281-2942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elodie","family":"Lebreton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5138-5332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luveon","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0105-5551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrine","family":"Fosse-Edorh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6963-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaya","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4837-1930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Oli\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1905-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Billionnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8687-9092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Weill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4307-8695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Vambergue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8785-3385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Cosson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"6066_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1641","volume":"35","author":"DA Sacks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sacks DA, Hadden DR, Maresh M et al (2012) Frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus at collaborating centers based on IADPSG consensus panel-recommended criteria: the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study. 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Sweeney (Jude Sweeney, Milan, Italy) and V. Grace (English Publications \u2013 Traduction & Correction, St-Mamert-du-Gard, France) for editing and reviewing the manuscript.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Acknowledgements"}},{"value":"Sant\u00e9 publique France (the national public health agency) has permanent access to the SNDS database and is committed to publishing its findings. However, we cannot publicly provide data extracted from the French National Health Insurance information database due to restrictions set by our ethics committees, unless an agreement between all parties has been reached.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"This research received no grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"NR, EL, SF-E, AV, VO, LT, YB and EC contributed to the conception and design of this study; NR and EL contributed to data acquisition and analysis; all authors contributed to data interpretation and to drafting of the manuscript, with the first draft being written by NR, EL, LT and EC. All authors critically reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version. NR is responsible for this work.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}