{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:02:34Z","timestamp":1792677754178,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000380","name":"Guy's & St Thomas' Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000380","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Aims\/hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The role of HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> variability in the progression of diabetic kidney disease is unclear, with most studies to date performed in White populations and limited data on its role in predicting advanced kidney outcomes. Our aim was to evaluate if long-term intra-individual HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> variability is a risk factor for kidney disease progression (defined as an eGFR decline of \u226550% from baseline with a final eGFR of &lt;30 ml\/min per 1.73 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) in an ethnically heterogeneous cohort of people with type 1 diabetes with a preserved eGFR \u226545 ml\/min per 1.73 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> at baseline.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Electronic health record data from people attending outpatient clinics between 2004 and 2018 in two large university hospitals in London were collected. HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> variability was assessed using three distinct methods: (1) SD of HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> (SD-HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>); (2) visit-adjusted SD (adj-HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>): SD-HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\/\u221a<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\/(<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u20131), where <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> is the number of HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> measurements per participant; and (3) CV (CV-HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>): SD-HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\/mean-HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>. All participants had six or more follow-up HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> measurements. The eGFR was measured using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation and clinical\/biochemical results from routine care were extracted from electronic health records.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In total, 3466 participants (50% female, 78% White, 13% African Caribbean, 3% Asian and 6% of mixed heritage or self-reporting as \u2018other\u2019) were followed for a median (IQR) of 8.2 (4.2\u201311.6) years. Of this cohort, 249 (7%) showed kidney disease progression. Higher HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> variability was independently associated with a higher risk of kidney disease progression, with HRs (95% CIs) of 7.76 (4.54, 13.26), 2.62 (1.75, 3.94) and 5.46 (3.40, 8.79) (lowest vs highest HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> variability quartile) for methods 1\u20133, respectively. Increasing age, baseline HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, systolic BP and urinary albumin\/creatinine ratio were also associated with kidney disease progression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.05 for all). African Caribbean ethnicity was associated with an increased risk of kidney disease progression (HR [95% CI] 1.47 [1.09, 1.98], 1.76 [1.32, 2.36] and 1.57 [1.17, 2.12] for methods 1\u20133, respectively) and this effect was independent of glycaemic variability and other traditional risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We observed an independent association between HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> variability, evaluated using three distinct methods, and significant kidney disease progression in a multi-ethnic type 1 diabetes cohort. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms that may explain our results and evaluate if HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub> variability is a modifiable risk factor for preventing diabetic kidney disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06197-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T22:01:25Z","timestamp":1718920885000},"page":"1955-1961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["HbA1c variability is independently associated with progression of diabetic kidney disease in an urban multi-ethnic cohort of people with type 1 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Ananya","family":"Muthukumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4104-9404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Layla","family":"Badawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasios","family":"Mangelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7448-2995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashant","family":"Vas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aicha","family":"Gouber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-869X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salma","family":"Ayis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2617-8320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janaka","family":"Karalliedde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"6197_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108929","volume":"178","author":"N Bille","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bille N, Byberg S, Gishoma C, BuchKristensen K, Lund Christensen D (2021) HbA1c variability and the development of nephropathy in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus from Rwanda. 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SA was supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London, UK. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, National Institute of Health Research or Department of Health.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"JK is a member of the editorial board of <i>Diabetologia<\/i>. All authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"AMu, AMa, LB and JK designed the research study, collected and interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. PV, ST and LB collected and interpreted the data and contributed to the manuscript. AMa, AG and SA contributed to and led the data analysis and interpretation. All authors reviewed the manuscript and approved the final version for publication. AMu and JK are the guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}