{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:13:52Z","timestamp":1792782832237,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["student number 202006010041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["student number 202006010041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FORTE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FORTE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018-00337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018-03035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-03035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022-00811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-00811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Swedish Diabetes foundation","award":["DIA2022-735"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIA2022-735"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03d78g823","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004047","name":"Karolinska Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims\/hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to clarify the impact of autoimmune disease (AD) comorbidity on the risk and prognosis of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We used data from a Swedish study comprising newly diagnosed cases of LADA (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =586, stratified into LADA\n                      <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                      and LADA\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      by autoantibody levels), type 2 diabetes (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =2003) and matched control participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =2355). Information on 33 ADs and diabetic retinopathy was obtained by linkage to regional and national registers. We estimated the ORs for LADA and type 2 diabetes in relation to ADs before diabetes diagnosis, and the HRs for diabetic retinopathy after diabetes diagnosis. We performed functional pathway analyses to explore biological mechanisms driving the associations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Individuals with ADs exhibit an increased susceptibility to LADA (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.36, 2.13), particularly those with thyroid dysfunction (OR 1.88; 95% CI 1.38, 2.56), inflammatory bowel disease (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.00, 3.16) or vitiligo (OR 3.91; 95% CI 1.93, 7.94), with stronger associations being observed for the LADA\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      phenotype. Only psoriasis was linked to type 2 diabetes (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.08, 1.99). The biological pathways shared by LADA and ADs revolved around immune responses, including innate and adaptive immune pathways. The HRs for diabetic retinopathy in LADA patients with and without AD vs those with type 2 diabetes were 2.11 (95% CI 1.34, 3.32) and 1.68 (95% CI 1.15, 2.45), respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We confirm that several common ADs confer an excess risk of LADA, especially LADA with higher GADA levels, but having such a comorbidity does not appear to affect the risk of diabetic retinopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06303-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T18:02:25Z","timestamp":1730138545000},"page":"331-341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Autoimmune diseases and the risk and prognosis of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5534-4404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Santoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3390-0844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxia","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6513-2384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Ahlqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8306-6202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiinamaija","family":"Tuomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9497-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Carlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10391","key":"6303_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00457-9","volume":"401","author":"N Conrad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Conrad N, Misra S, Verbakel JY et al (2023) Incidence, prevalence, and co-occurrence of autoimmune disorders over time and by age, sex, and socioeconomic status: a population-based cohort study of 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet 401(10391):1878\u20131890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00457-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"6303_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.2337\/DC23-1671","volume":"47","author":"M Lindgren","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lindgren M, Norstr\u00f6m F, Persson M et al (2024) Prevalence and predictive factors for celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes: whom and when to screen? A nationwide longitudinal cohort study of Swedish children. Diabetes Care 47(4):756\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC23-1671","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"6303_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TEM.2018.07.001","volume":"29","author":"R Mishra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mishra R, Hodge KM, Cousminer DL, Leslie RD, Grant SFA (2018) A global perspective of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Trends Endocrinol Metab 29(9):638\u2013650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TEM.2018.07.001","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9922","key":"6303_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62219-9","volume":"383","author":"T Tuomi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tuomi T, Santoro N, Caprio S, Cai M, Weng J, Groop L (2014) The many faces of diabetes: a disease with increasing heterogeneity. Lancet 383(9922):1084\u20131094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62219-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"6303_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1365-2265.2000.00983.X","volume":"52","author":"G Gambelunghe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Gambelunghe G, Forini F, Laureti S et al (2000) Increased risk for endocrine autoimmunity in Italian type 2 diabetic patients with GAD65 autoantibodies. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52(5):565\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1365-2265.2000.00983.X","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"6303_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.A2016.0017","volume":"67","author":"B Szepietowska","year":"2016","unstructured":"Szepietowska B, Wawrusiewicz-Kurylonek N, Kretowski A, G\u00f3rska M, Szelachowska M (2016) Endocrine autoimmunity in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) \u2013 association with HLA genotype. Endokrynol Pol 67(2):197\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/EP.A2016.0017","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6303_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1365-2249.2003.02205.X","volume":"133","author":"P Ku\u010dera","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ku\u010dera P, Nov\u00e1kov\u00e1 D, B\u011bhanov\u00e1 M, Nov\u00e1k J, Tlaskalov\u00e1-Hogenov\u00e1 H, And\u011bl M (2003) Gliadin, endomysial and thyroid antibodies in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). Clin Exp Immunol 133(1):139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1365-2249.2003.02205.X","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"6303_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2012-2037","volume":"97","author":"S Zampetti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zampetti S, Capizzi M, Spoletini M et al (2012) GADA titer-related risk for organ-specific autoimmunity in LADA subjects subdivided according to gender (NIRAD study 6). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(10):3759\u20133765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/JC.2012-2037","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"6303_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.2337\/DC06-1696","volume":"30","author":"R Buzzetti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Buzzetti R, Di Pietro S, Giaccari A et al (2007) High titer of autoantibodies to GAD identifies a specific phenotype of adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes Care 30(4):932\u2013938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC06-1696","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"6303_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1932","DOI":"10.2337\/DC16-0293","volume":"39","author":"NC Schloot","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schloot NC, Pham MN, Hawa MI et al (2016) Inverse relationship between organ-specific autoantibodies and systemic immune mediators in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes: Action LADA 11. Diabetes Care 39(11):1932\u20131939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC16-0293","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"6303_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.2337\/DC23-0739","volume":"46","author":"Y Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei Y, Herzog K, Ahlqvist E et al (2023) All-cause mortality and cardiovascular and microvascular diseases in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes Care 46(10):1857\u20131865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC23-0739","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10354","key":"6303_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01349-6","volume":"400","author":"N Conrad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Conrad N, Verbeke G, Molenberghs G et al (2022) Autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular risk: a population-based study on 19 autoimmune diseases and 12 cardiovascular diseases in 22 million individuals in the UK. Lancet 400(10354):733\u2013743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01349-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6303_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2020.00431","volume":"11","author":"B G\u0142owinska-Olszewska","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u0142owinska-Olszewska B, Borysewicz-Sa\u0144czyk H, Sawicka B et al (2020) Does Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in young type 1 diabetic patients? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 11:431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FENDO.2020.00431","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"6303_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110031","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DIABRES.2022.110031","volume":"191","author":"G Gimenez-Perez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gimenez-Perez G, Vlacho B, Navas E et al (2022) Comorbid autoimmune diseases and burden of diabetes-related complications in patients with type 1 diabetes from a Mediterranean area. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 191:110031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.DIABRES.2022.110031","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"6303_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1089\/JWH.2019.7935","volume":"29","author":"MAM Rogers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rogers MAM, Wei MY, Kim C, Lee JM (2020) Sex differences in autoimmune multimorbidity in type 1 diabetes mellitus and the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease: a longitudinal study in the United States, 2001\u20132017. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 29(4):511\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/JWH.2019.7935","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"6","key":"6303_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01171-x","volume":"43","author":"A Rogowicz-Frontczak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rogowicz-Frontczak A, Falkowski B, Grzelka-Wozniak A, Uruska A, Araszkiewicz A, Zozulinska-Ziolkiewicz D (2020) Does autoimmune hypothyroidism increase the risk of neurovascular complications in type 1 diabetes? J Endocrinol Invest 43(6):833\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-019-01171-x","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"6303_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/S00125-024-06086-8","volume":"67","author":"J Samuelsson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Samuelsson J, Bertilsson R, B\u00fclow E et al (2024) Autoimmune comorbidity in type 1 diabetes and its association with metabolic control and mortality risk in young people: a population-based study. Diabetologia 67(4):679\u2013689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00125-024-06086-8","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"6303_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1055\/S-0035-1555764","volume":"123","author":"AD Reghina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reghina AD, Florea S, Constantin M, Fica S (2015) The impact of thyroid autoimmunity on the clinical and diabetes parameters of patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 123(9):543\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/S-0035-1555764","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"6303_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30051-2","volume":"6","author":"E Ahlqvist","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahlqvist E, Storm P, K\u00e4r\u00e4j\u00e4m\u00e4ki A et al (2018) Novel subgroups of adult-onset diabetes and their association with outcomes: a data-driven cluster analysis of six variables. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6(5):361\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30051-2","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"6303_CR20","volume-title":"Classification of diabetes mellitus","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019) Classification of diabetes mellitus. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"issue":"5","key":"6303_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.2337\/DC15-2348","volume":"39","author":"B Rasouli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rasouli B, Andersson T, Carlsson PO et al (2016) Smoking and the risk of LADA: results from a Swedish population-based case\u2013control study. Diabetes Care 39(5):794\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC15-2348","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"6303_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.2337\/DB12-1398","volume":"62","author":"C Nguyen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nguyen C, Varney MD, Harrison LC, Morahan G (2013) Definition of high-risk type 1 diabetes HLA-DR and HLA-DQ types using only three single nucleotide polymorphisms. Diabetes 62(6):2135\u20132140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DB12-1398","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"6303_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450","volume":"11","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ludvigsson JF, Andersson E, Ekbom A et al (2011) External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register. BMC Public Health 11(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6303_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494819868042","volume":"48","author":"S L\u00f6fvendahl","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00f6fvendahl S, Schelin MEC, J\u00f6ud A (2020) The value of the Sk\u00e5ne Health-care Register: prospectively collected individual-level data for population-based studies. Scand J Public Health 48(1):56\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1403494819868042","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"6303_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JAUT.2016.03.003","volume":"69","author":"J Ji","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ji J, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (2016) Gender-specific incidence of autoimmune diseases from national registers. J Autoimmun 69:102\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JAUT.2016.03.003","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"7","key":"6303_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.2337\/DC10-0398","volume":"33","author":"K Eeg-Olofsson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Eeg-Olofsson K, Cederholm J, Nilsson PM et al (2010) Glycemic control and cardiovascular disease in 7,454 patients with type 1 diabetes: an observational study from the Swedish National Diabetes Register (NDR). Diabetes Care 33(7):1640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC10-0398","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"6303_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4112","DOI":"10.1210\/CLINEM\/DGAA549","volume":"105","author":"R Hjort","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hjort R, Ahlqvist E, Andersson T et al (2020) Physical activity, genetic susceptibility, and the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105(11):e4112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/CLINEM\/DGAA549","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"6303_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1515\/EM-2013-0005","volume":"3","author":"TJ Van Der Weele","year":"2014","unstructured":"Van Der Weele TJ, Knol MJ (2014) A tutorial on interaction. Epidemiol Methods 3(1):33\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/EM-2013-0005","journal-title":"Epidemiol Methods"},{"issue":"446","key":"6303_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474144","volume":"94","author":"JP Fine","year":"1999","unstructured":"Fine JP, Gray RJ (1999) A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc 94(446):496\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474144","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"6303_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01261-5","volume":"8","author":"K Watanabe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Watanabe K, Taskesen E, Van Bochoven A, Posthuma D (2017) Functional mapping and annotation of genetic associations with FUMA. Nat Commun 8(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-017-01261-5","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"6303_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.2337\/DC18-1032","volume":"41","author":"DL Cousminer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cousminer DL, Ahlqvist E, Mishra R et al (2018) First genome-wide association study of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults reveals novel insights linking immune and metabolic diabetes. Diabetes Care 41(11):2396\u20132403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC18-1032","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"6303_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1038\/S41588-021-00954-4","volume":"53","author":"L Jiang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jiang L, Zheng Z, Fang H, Yang J (2021) A generalized linear mixed model association tool for biobank-scale data. Nat Genet 53(11):1616\u20131621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41588-021-00954-4","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"6303_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104992","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ISCI.2022.104992","volume":"25","author":"S Mathieu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mathieu S, Briend M, Abner E et al (2022) Genetic association and Mendelian randomization for hypothyroidism highlight immune molecular mechanisms. iScience 25(9):104992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ISCI.2022.104992","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"11","key":"6303_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1038\/NG.3680","volume":"48","author":"Y Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jin Y, Andersen G, Yorgov D et al (2016) Genome-wide association studies of autoimmune vitiligo identify 23 new risk loci and highlight key pathways and regulatory variants. Nat Genet 48(11):1418\u20131424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NG.3680","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"6303_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/08916930601118825","volume":"40","author":"JCS Cruz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cruz JCS, Rode EC, G\u00f3mez LS et al (2009) Celiac disease associated antibodies in persons with latent autoimmune diabetes of adult and type 2 diabetes. Autoimmunity 40(2):103\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08916930601118825","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"6303_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DSX.2015.09.013","volume":"10","author":"G Yousefzadeh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yousefzadeh G, Gozashti M, Najafipour H, Gholamhosseinian NA, Bahramnejad A, Shokouhi M (2016) Common autoimmune biomarkers, thyroid hormonal abnormalities, and beta cells dysfunction in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 10(1 Suppl 1):S52\u2013S55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.DSX.2015.09.013","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6303_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3390\/JPM13030422","volume":"13","author":"MS Popoviciu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Popoviciu MS, Kaka N, Sethi Y, Patel N, Chopra H, Cavalu S (2023) Type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune diseases: a critical review of the association and the application of personalized medicine. J Pers Med 13(3):422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/JPM13030422","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"6303_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13871","DOI":"10.1038\/SREP13871","volume":"5","author":"K Hemminki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hemminki K, Liu X, F\u00f6rsti A, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Ji J (2015) Subsequent type 2 diabetes in patients with autoimmune disease. Sci Rep 5:13871. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/SREP13871","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"6303_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JID.2020.11.025","volume":"141","author":"MT Patrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patrick MT, Stuart PE, Zhang H et al (2021) Causal relationship and shared genetic loci between psoriasis and type 2 diabetes through trans-disease meta-analysis. J Invest Dermatol 141(6):1493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JID.2020.11.025","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"6303_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/SIGTRANS.2017.23","volume":"2","author":"T Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu T, Zhang L, Joo D, Sun SC (2017) NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2:17023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/SIGTRANS.2017.23","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"6303_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0049","volume":"182","author":"J Skov","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skov J, Eriksson D, Kuja-Halkola R et al (2020) Co-aggregation and heritability of organ-specific autoimmunity: a population-based twin study. Eur J Endocrinol 182(5):473\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-20-0049","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6303_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82195-3","volume":"11","author":"V van Drongelen","year":"2021","unstructured":"van Drongelen V, Scavuzzi BM, Nogueira SV, Miller FW, Sawalha AH, Holoshitz J (2021) HLA-DRB1 allelic epitopes that associate with autoimmune disease risk or protection activate reciprocal macrophage polarization. Sci Rep 11(1):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-82195-3","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"6303_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/TAN.12986","volume":"89","author":"MK Viken","year":"2017","unstructured":"Viken MK, Fl\u00e5m ST, Skrivarhaug T et al (2017) HLA class II alleles in Norwegian patients with coexisting type 1 diabetes and celiac disease. HLA 89(5):278\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/TAN.12986","journal-title":"HLA"},{"issue":"7","key":"6303_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.2174\/138920207783591690","volume":"8","author":"S Gough","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gough S, Simmonds M (2007) The HLA region and autoimmune disease: associations and mechanisms of action. Curr Genomics 8(7):453\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138920207783591690","journal-title":"Curr Genomics"},{"issue":"9","key":"6303_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1038\/NM.3933","volume":"21","author":"YR Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li YR, Li J, Zhao SD et al (2015) Meta-analysis of shared genetic architecture across ten pediatric autoimmune diseases. Nat Med 21(9):1018\u20131027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NM.3933","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6303_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30003-6","volume":"8","author":"E Maddaloni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maddaloni E, Coleman RL, Agbaje O, Buzzetti R, Holman RR (2020) Time-varying risk of microvascular complications in latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood compared with type 2 diabetes in adults: a post-hoc analysis of the UK Prospective Diabetes Study 30-year follow-up data (UKPDS 86). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 8(3):206\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30003-6","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6303_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.2337\/DC14-0683","volume":"38","author":"TR Rohrer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rohrer TR, Wolf J, Liptay S et al (2015) Microvascular complications in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes and celiac disease: a multicenter longitudinal analysis of 56,514 patients from the German-Austrian DPV database. Diabetes Care 38(5):801\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC14-0683","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"6303_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.2337\/DC11-0149","volume":"34","author":"JS Leeds","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leeds JS, Hopper AD, Hadjivassiliou M, Tesfaye S, Sanders DS (2011) High prevalence of microvascular complications in adults with type 1 diabetes and newly diagnosed celiac disease. Diabetes Care 34(10):2158\u20132163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/DC11-0149","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"6303_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DSX.2020.05.005","volume":"14","author":"N Reddy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reddy N, Pradeep TVS, Tirupati S, Sarathi V, Kumar D (2020) Thyroid dysfunction and its association with microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in south India. Diabetes Metab Syndr 14(4):615\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.DSX.2020.05.005","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"9","key":"6303_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1111\/DOM.13788","volume":"21","author":"E Maddaloni","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maddaloni E, Coleman RL, Pozzilli P, Holman RR (2019) Long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (UKPDS 85). Diabetes Obes Metab 21(9):2115\u20132122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/DOM.13788","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-024-06303-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-024-06303-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-024-06303-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T15:34:04Z","timestamp":1736868844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-024-06303-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["6303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-024-06303-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The datasets used in the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The functional pathway analysis used publicly available GWAS data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"Open access funding provided by Karolinska Institute. This study was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2018-03035 and 2022-00811), the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (FORTE, 2018-00337) and the Swedish Diabetes Foundation (DIA2022-735). YW received funding from the China Scholarship Council (student number 202006010041). The sponsors had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, writing of the report or the decision to submit the article for publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"SC conceptualised and designed the study, acquired the data and critically revised the manuscript. CS and YW analysed the data. CS wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed significantly to data interpretation and reviewed and approved the final manuscript. CS and SC are the guarantors of this work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}