{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:47:11Z","timestamp":1788540431631,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017590","name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Essen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>In this review, we discuss how partnership and marriage influence cardiometabolic risk factors and risk of type 2 diabetes, and how couple-based approaches to type 2 diabetes prevention might complement individual-focused prevention efforts. There is some evidence that being married per se has a small positive effect on type 2 diabetes risk. Moreover, there is spousal concordance for many type 2 diabetes risk factors due to assortative mating and convergence during partnership, with weak to moderate correlations found for anthropometric measures, blood pressure, lipid concentrations, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity level. A meta-analysis shows that people have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes if their spouse has diabetes (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.47, 2.02). However, despite some evidence, there is still a lack of research on similar associations in relation to progression to type 2 diabetes and diabetes complications. Several studies have suggested that behaviour changes, for example smoking cessation or weight loss, in one partner increase the likelihood that the other partner will make the same changes. Subsequent studies of couple-based interventions that focus on both partners have shown that people are more likely to adhere to a diabetes prevention programme if their partners are also involved in the programme. However, the effect of the quality of marriage on the outcome of an intervention is still unclear. Couple-based interventions are promising, but there is a lack of RCTs comparing couple-based interventions with individual-centred interventions.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06360-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T17:30:32Z","timestamp":1738949432000},"page":"704-714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Partnership and marriage and risk of type 2 diabetes: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Bernd","family":"Kowall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Rathmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"6360_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4607-1","volume":"61","author":"JD Mackenbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mackenbach JD, den Braver NR, Beulens JW (2018) Spouses, social networks and other upstream determinants of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 61:1517\u20131521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-018-4607-1","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6360_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-1161","volume":"36","author":"JO Hill","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hill JO, Galloway JM, Goley A et al (2013) Scientific statement: socioecologic determinants of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 36:2430\u20132439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc13-1161","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6360_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05496-2","volume":"64","author":"MT Schram","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schram MT, Assendelft WJJ, van Tilburg TG, Dukers-Muijrers NHTM (2021) Social networks and type 2 diabetes: a narrative review. Diabetologia 64:1905\u20131916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-021-05496-2","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6360_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2018.02.005","volume":"104","author":"N Guner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guner N, Kulikova Y, Llull J (2018) Marriage and health: selection, protection, and assortative mating. Eur Econ Rev 104:138\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2018.02.005","journal-title":"Eur Econ Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"6360_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106720","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106720","volume":"9","author":"MC Cornelis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cornelis MC, Chiuve SE, Glymour MM et al (2014) Bachelors, divorces, and widowers: does marriage protect men from type 2 diabetes? PLoS ONE 9(9):e106720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0106720","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6360_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762012","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/762012","volume":"2013","author":"N Friedrich","year":"2013","unstructured":"Friedrich N, Schneider HJ, John U et al (2013) Correlates of adverse outcomes in abdominally obese individuals: findings from the five-year followup of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania. J Obes 2013:762012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/762012","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"issue":"8","key":"6360_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0236869","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236869","volume":"15","author":"CM De Oliveira","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Oliveira CM, ViaterTureck L, Alvares D et al (2020) Relationship between marital status and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Brazilian rural population: The Baependi Heart Study. PLoS ONE 15(8):e0236869. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0236869","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"6360_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003080","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2022-003080","volume":"11","author":"KJ Ford","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ford KJ, Robitaille A (2023) How sweet is your love? Disentangling the role of marital status and quality on average glycemic levels among adults of 50 years and older in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. BMJ Open Diab Res Care 11:e003080. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2022-003080","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diab Res Care"},{"key":"6360_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.10.2531","volume":"28","author":"J Lidfeldt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, Samsioe G, Agardh CD (2005) Women living alone have an increased risk to develop diabetes, which is explained mainly by lifestyle factors. Diabetes Care 28:2531\u20132536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.28.10.2531","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6360_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12255","volume":"30","author":"Y Heianza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heianza Y, Arase Y, Kodama S et al (2013) Associations of living alone with the presence of undiagnosed diabetes in Japanese men: the role of modifiable risk factors for diabetes: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 13 (TOPICS 13). Diabet Med 30:1355\u20131359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.12255","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"6360_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001707","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001707","volume":"8","author":"Y Du","year":"2020","unstructured":"Du Y, Baumert J, Paprott R, Teti A, Heidemann C, Scheidt-Nave C (2020) Factors associated with undiagnosed type 2 diabetes in Germany: results from German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults 2008\u20132011. BMJ Open Diab Res Care 8:e001707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001707","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diab Res Care"},{"key":"6360_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2023.11.011","volume":"18","author":"J Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang J, Xiao L, Zhao H, Liu F, Du L (2024) Living alone increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on longitudinal studies. Prim Care Diabetes 18:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcd.2023.11.011","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"key":"6360_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1097\/psy.0b013e3181ae5770","volume":"71","author":"C Meisinger","year":"2009","unstructured":"Meisinger C, Kandler U, Ladwig KH (2009) Living alone is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men but not in women from the general population: the MONICA\/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study. Psychosom Med 71:784\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/psy.0b013e3181ae5770","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"6360_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv024","volume":"73","author":"KL Hanna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanna KL, Collins PF (2015) Relationship between living alone and food and nutrient intake. Nutr Rev 73:594\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv024","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"6360_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn234","volume":"169","author":"A Di Castelnuovo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Di Castelnuovo A, Quacquaruccio G, Donati MB, de Gaetano G, Iacoviello L (2009) Spousal concordance for major coronary risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 169:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwn234","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6360_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01672-z","volume":"7","author":"TB Horwitz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Horwitz TB, Balbona JV, Paulich KN, Keller MC (2023) Evidence of correlations between human partners based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of 22 traits and UK Biobank analysis of 133 traits. Nat Hum Behav 7:1568\u20131583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-023-01672-z","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"key":"6360_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e001879","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001879","volume":"9","author":"O Silverman-Retana","year":"2021","unstructured":"Silverman-Retana O, Brinkhues S, Hulman A et al (2021) Spousal concordance in pathophysiological markers and risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of the Maastricht Study. BMJ Open Diab Res Care 9:e001879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001879","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diab Res Care"},{"key":"6360_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13084","volume":"19","author":"Z Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang Z, Ji W, Song Y et al (2017) Spousal concordance for hypertension: a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Clin Hypertens 19:1088\u20131095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jch.13084","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"6360_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.007","volume":"64","author":"D Meyler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meyler D, Stimpson JP, Peek MK (2007) Health concordance within couples: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med 64:2297\u20132310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.007","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"6360_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-011-9509-7","volume":"42","author":"H Ask","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ask H, Rognmo K, Torvik FA, Roysamb E, Tambs K (2012) Non-random mating and convergence over time for alcohol consumption, smoking and exercise: the Nord-Trondelag Health Study. Behav Genet 42:354\u2013365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10519-011-9509-7","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"6360_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Knuiman MW, Divitini ML, Bartholomew HC, Welborn TA (1996) Spouse correlations in cardiovascular risk factors and the effect of marriage duration. Am J Epidemiol 143(1):48-53. https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/aje\/article\/143\/1\/48\/63210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008656","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008656"},{"key":"6360_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Retnakaran R, Wen SW, Tan H, Zhou S, Ye C, Shen M, Smith GN, Walker MC (2021) Spousal concordance of cardiovascular risk factors in newly married couples in China. JAMA Netw Open 4(12):e2140578. https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jamanetworkopen\/fullarticle\/2787357https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.40578","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.40578"},{"key":"6360_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.7554","volume":"175","author":"SE Jackson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jackson SE, Steptoe A, Wardle J (2015) The influence of partner\u2019s behavior on health behavior change. The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. JAMA Intern Med 175:385\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.7554","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"6360_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv112","volume":"183","author":"LK Cobb","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cobb LK, McAdams-DeMarco MA, Gudzune KA et al (2016) Changes in body mass index and obesity risk in married couples over 25 years. The ARIC Cohort Study. Amer J Epidemiol 183:435\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwv112","journal-title":"Amer J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6360_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-12","volume":"12","author":"A Leong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leong A, Rahme E, Dasgupta K (2014) Spousal diabetes as a diabetes risk factor: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Medicine 12:12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-12-12","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"key":"6360_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-019-01311-y","volume":"56","author":"D Appiah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Appiah D, Schreiner PJ, Selvin E, Demerath EW, Pankow JS (2019) Spousal diabetes status as a risk factor for incident type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol 56:619\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-019-01311-y","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"6360_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.08.020","volume":"105","author":"SA Cunningham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cunningham SA, Adams SR, Schmittdiel JA, Ali MK (2017) Incidence of diabetes after a partner\u2019s diagnosis. Prev Med 105:52\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.08.020","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6360_CR28","first-page":"159","volume":"33","author":"NB Mothojakan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mothojakan NB, Hussain S, McCafferty K, Yaqoob MM, Chowdhury TA (2016) Comparison of spousal and familial history of diabetes, hypertension and renal disease between haemodialysis patients with diabetes and haemodialysis patients without diabetes. Diabetic Med 33(Suppl 1):159 (Abstract)","journal-title":"Diabetic Med"},{"key":"6360_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4903-4","volume":"62","author":"A Goyal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Goyal A, Gupta Y, Kalaivani M et al (2019) Concordance of glycaemic and cardiometabolic traits between Indian women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus and their spouses: an opportunity to target the household. Diabetologia 62:1357\u20131365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-019-4903-4","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6360_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0255-5","volume":"10","author":"A Ramezankhani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramezankhani A, Guity K, Azizi F, Hadaegh F (2019) Sex differences in the association between spousal metabolic risk factors with incidence of type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal study of the Iranian population. Biol Sex Diff 10:41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13293-019-0255-5","journal-title":"Biol Sex Diff"},{"key":"6360_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.18.0104","volume":"41","author":"SY Jun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jun SY, Kang M, Kang SY, Lee JA, Kim YS (2020) Spousal concordance regarding lifestyle factors and chronic diseases among couples visiting primary care providers in Korea. Korean J Fam Med 41:183\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4082\/kjfm.18.0104","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med"},{"key":"6360_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e036281","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-036281","volume":"10","author":"T Watanabe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watanabe T, Sugiyama T, Takahashi H, Noguchi H, Tamiya N (2020) Concordance of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia in married couples: cross-sectional study using nationwide survey data in Japan. BMJ Open 10:e036281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-036281","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6360_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2022-219979","volume":"77","author":"J Nielsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nielsen J, Shivashankar R, Cunningham SA et al (2023) Couple concordance in diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in urban Indian and Pakistan and associated socioeconomic and household characteristics and modifiable risk factors. J Epidemiol Community Health 77:336\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech-2022-219979","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"6360_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao Z, Cao Q, Lu J et al (2023) Association of spousal diabetes status and ideal cardiovascular health metrics with risk of incident diabetes among Chinese adults. JAMA Network Open 6(6):e2319038. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.19038","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.19038"},{"key":"6360_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-53417-1","volume":"14","author":"L Brieger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brieger L, Schramm S, Schmidt B et al (2024) Aggregation of type-2 diabetes, prediabetes, and metabolic syndrome in German couples. Sci Rep 14:2984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-53417-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6360_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4587-1","volume":"61","author":"J Nielsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nielsen J, Hulman A, Witte DR (2018) Spousal cardiometabolic risk factors and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a prospective analysis from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Diabetologia 61:1572\u20131580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-018-4587-1","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"6360_CR37","first-page":"A07","volume":"2","author":"JP Stimpson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stimpson JP, Peek MK (2005) Concordance of chronic conditions in older Mexican American couples. Prev Chronic Dis 2(3):A07","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"key":"6360_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122921","volume":"36","author":"SJ Kelly","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kelly SJ, Ismail M (2015) Stress and type 2 diabetes: a review of how stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes. Annu Rev Public Health 36:441\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122921","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"6360_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2021.100972","volume":"65","author":"N Merabet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Merabet N, Lucassen PJ, Crielaard L et al (2022) How exposure to chronic stress contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes: a complexity science approach. Front Neuroendocrinol 65:100972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yfrne.2021.100972","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"6360_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Hessler D, Johnson N (2016) Emotional distress in the partners of type 1 diabetes adults: worries about hypoglycemia and other key concerns. Diabetes Technol Ther 18(5):292-297. https:\/\/www.liebertpub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/dia.2015.0451","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2015.0451"},{"issue":"4","key":"6360_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-0986-4","volume":"18","author":"R Whittemore","year":"2018","unstructured":"Whittemore R, Delvy R, McCarthy MM (2018) The experience of partners of adults with type 1 diabetes: an integrative review. Curr Diab Rep 18(4):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-018-0986-4","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"6360_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1007\/s11428-017-0286-7","volume":"13","author":"B Kulzer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kulzer B, L\u00fcthgens B, Landgraf R, Krichbaum M, Hermanns N (2017) Wie belastend erleben Angeh\u00f6rige den Diabetes? Deutsche Stichprobe der internationalen DAWN2TM-Studie. Der Diabetologe 13:570\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11428-017-0286-7 [article in German]","journal-title":"Der Diabetologe"},{"issue":"5","key":"6360_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-022-00337-y","volume":"45","author":"VS Helgeson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Helgeson VS, Allen NA, Tracy EL, Butner J, Berg CA (2022) Diabetes stress contagion among romantic partners: a daily diary investigation. J Behav Med 45(5):716\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-022-00337-y","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"6360_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000388","volume":"73","author":"JK Kiecolt-Glaser","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kiecolt-Glaser JK (2018) Marriage, divorce, and the immune system. Am Psychol 73(9):1098\u20131108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000388","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"6360_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25973","volume":"555","author":"D Rothschild","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rothschild D, Weissbrod O, Barkan E et al (2018) Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota. Nature 555:210\u2013215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature25973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6360_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045111","volume":"13","author":"JK Kiecolt-Glaser","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Wilson SJ (2017) Lovesick: how couples\u2019 relationships influence health. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 13:421\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045111","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"6360_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2073","volume":"38","author":"Z Shan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shan Z, Ma H, Xie M et al (2015) Sleep duration and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care 38:529\u2013537. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc14-2073","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6360_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1055-8","volume":"18","author":"RP Ogilvie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ogilvie RP, Patel SR (2018) The epidemiology of sleep and diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 18:82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-018-1055-8","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"6360_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2018.304337","volume":"108","author":"M Hernan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hernan M (2018) The C-Word: Scientific euphemisms do not improve causal inference from observational data. Am J Public Health 108:616\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2018.304337","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"6360_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9081010","volume":"9","author":"WH Hsu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hsu WH, Tseng CW, Huang YT, Liang CC, Lee MY, Chen SC (2021) Common risk factors in relatives and spouses of patients with type 2 diabetes in developing prediabetes. Healthcare 9(8):1010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare9081010","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"6360_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164119844695","volume":"16","author":"M Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang M, Liu Y, Wen C et al (2019) Association between spousal diabetes status and diabetic retinopathy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res 16:474\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1479164119844695","journal-title":"Diab Vasc Dis Res"},{"key":"6360_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2065","volume":"43","author":"J Miao Jonasson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miao Jonasson J, Hendryx M, Shadyab AH et al (2020) Social support, social network size, social strain, stressful life events, and coronary heart disease in women with type 2 diabetes: a cohort study based on the Women\u2019s Health Initiative. Diabetes Care 43:1759\u20131766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-2065","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6360_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2011.01.008","volume":"43","author":"DH Baucom","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baucom DH, Porter LS, Kirby JS, Hudepohl J (2012) Couple-based interventions for medical problems. Behav Ther 43(1):61\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2011.01.008","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"6360_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1489","volume":"43","author":"ND Ritchie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ritchie ND, Baucom KJW, Sauder KA (2020) Benefits of participating with a partner in the National Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care 43(2):e20\u2013e21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-1489","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"6360_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-7435(03)00089-6","volume":"37","author":"E McAuley","year":"2003","unstructured":"McAuley E, Jerome GJ, Elavsky S, Marquez DX, Ramsey SN (2003) Predicting long-term maintenance of physical activity in older adults. Prev Med 37(2):110\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0091-7435(03)00089-6","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"6360_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.22.5.453","volume":"22","author":"LC Gallo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Gallo LC, Troxel WM, Matthews KA, Kuller LH (2003) Marital status and quality in middle-aged women: associations with levels and trajectories of cardiovascular risk factors. Health Psychol 22(5):453\u2013463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-6133.22.5.453","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6360_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-013-0451-1","volume":"16","author":"L Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang L, Manson SM, Dill EJ et al (2015) Special Diabetes Program for Indians Diabetes Prevention Demonstration Project. Participant and site characteristics related to participant retention in a diabetes prevention translational project. Prev Sci 16(1):41\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-013-0451-1","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"6360_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e068623","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068623","volume":"13","author":"M Whitaker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Whitaker M, Aguirre MC, Gutierrez Chavez M et al (2023) Couple-based lifestyle intervention to prevent type 2 diabetes: protocol for a randomised pilot trial. BMJ Open 13:e068623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068623","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"6360_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9216-2","volume":"40","author":"LM Martire","year":"2010","unstructured":"Martire LM, Schulz R, Helgeson VS, Small BJ, Saghafi EM (2010) Review and meta-analysis of couple-oriented interventions for chronic illness. Ann Behav Med 40(3):325\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-010-9216-2","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"6360_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2024.102655","volume":"39","author":"SJ Andreae","year":"2024","unstructured":"Andreae SJ, Reeves H, Casey T, Lindberg A, Pickett KA (2024) A systematic review of diabetes prevention programs adapted to include family members. Prev Med Rep 39:102655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2024.102655","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"6360_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.150","volume":"32","author":"AA Gorin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gorin AA, Wing RR, Fava JL et al (2008) Weight loss treatment influences untreated spouses and the home environment: evidence of a ripple effect. Int J Obes (Lond) 32(11):1678\u20131684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ijo.2008.150","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"3","key":"6360_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10433-011-0193-5","volume":"8","author":"P Gellert","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gellert P, Ziegelmann JP, Warner LM, Schwarzer R (2011) Physical activity intervention in older adults: does a participating partner make a difference? Eur J Ageing 8(3):211\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10433-011-0193-5","journal-title":"Eur J Ageing"},{"issue":"7","key":"6360_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071975","volume":"12","author":"J Basora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Basora J, Villalobos F, Pallej\u00e0-Mill\u00e1n M et al (2020) Association between the potential influence of a lifestyle intervention in older individuals with excess weight and metabolic syndrome on untreated household cohabitants and their family support: the PREDIMED-Plus Study. Nutrients 12(7):1975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12071975","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"6360_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12227","volume":"22","author":"E Arden-Close","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arden-Close E, McGrath N (2017) Health behaviour change interventions for couples: a systematic review. Br J Health Psychol 22(2):215\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjhp.12227","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"6360_CR65","volume-title":"Self-efficacy: the exercise of control","author":"A Bandura","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bandura A (1997) Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. Freeman, New York"},{"issue":"1","key":"6360_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmab093","volume":"39","author":"C Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang C, Wu M, Yang YJ, Liao J (2022) Effect and quality of couple-based interventions of middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a scoping review. Fam Pract 39(1):183\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fampra\/cmab093","journal-title":"Fam Pract"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06360-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06360-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06360-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T08:45:49Z","timestamp":1743324349000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06360-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["6360"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06360-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The German Diabetes Center is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Culture and Science of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, and grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"WR has received consulting fees for attending educational sessions by Novo Nordisk outside the current work. BK declares that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, his work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"Both authors were responsible for drafting the article and reviewing it critically for important intellectual content. Both authors approved the version to be published.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}