{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:11:57Z","timestamp":1757617917959,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Diabetes Research Foundation"},{"name":"Liv och H\u00e4lsa Society"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003756","name":"Biomedicum Helsinki Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003756","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010113","name":"Wilhelm and Else Stockmann Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010113","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Helsinki University Central Hospital Research Funds"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010135","name":"Medical Society of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010135","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015736","name":"Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Sigrid Juselius Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007797","name":"University of Helsinki","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Aims\/hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) has been inversely linked to obesity, which is defined by excess of total body fat. However, body fat accumulation is also relevant for health. In this study, we investigated associations between sRAGE and obesity in individuals with type 1 diabetes over 6.3 years of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study included 3886 adults with type 1 diabetes from the FinnDiane study. Serum sRAGE concentrations were determined by ELISA. Central obesity was defined on the basis of waist\/height ratio (WHtR), and general obesity on the basis of BMI. The Kruskal\u2013Wallis test was used to assess the differences in baseline BMI, WHtR and sRAGE concentrations, comparing the groups stratified by albuminuria status. Changes in BMI and WHtR were calculated over time and Wilcoxon rank test was used for comparisons. Linear regression, adjusted for sex, age, albuminuria and HbA<jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>, was used for assessing the association of sRAGE with obesity measures at baseline, and with changes over time.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Over a median follow-up of 6.3 years, BMI changed by a median \u0394 of 0.76 kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (IQR \u22120.39 to 2.07; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001) and WHtR by a median \u0394 of 0.019 (IQR \u22120.007 to 0.05; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). The change in BMI was observed in 67% of the individuals, and WHtR in 68% of them. Baseline sRAGE was inversely associated with BMI (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=0.07, \u03b2 \u22120.174; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001) and WHtR (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>=0.16, \u03b2 \u22120.179; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001) in the overall cohort. These relationships remained consistent across subgroups stratified by albuminuria status, including no, moderate and severe albuminuria (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). However, sRAGE was not associated with changes in BMI or WHtR over time.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>sRAGE is inversely associated with both general and central obesity, as represented by BMI and WHtR, independent of kidney disease, suggesting sRAGE is a biomarker of obesity. However, sRAGE is not associated with the changes in BMI and WHtR over a 6.3 year follow-up. Future research with longer follow-up is merited to understand how sRAGE correlates with body fat accumulation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06440-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T16:01:32Z","timestamp":1745942492000},"page":"1657-1665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationship between sRAGE and obesity in individuals with type 1 diabetes during a median follow-up of 6.3 years"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6960-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krishna","family":"Adeshara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8101-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika B.","family":"Parente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3568-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valma","family":"Harjutsalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8414-7285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markku","family":"Lehto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4322-6942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niina","family":"Sandholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4055-6954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Per-Henrik","family":"Groop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"6440_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/21623945.2020.1817278","volume":"9","author":"Z Feng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng Z, Zhu L, Wu J (2020) RAGE signalling in obesity and diabetes: focus on the adipose tissue macrophage. Adipocyte 9(1):563\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21623945.2020.1817278","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"issue":"4","key":"6440_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.2741\/e178","volume":"2","author":"S Yamagishi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yamagishi S, Matsui T (2010) Soluble form of a receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) as a biomarker. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2(4):1184\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/e178","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Elite Ed)"},{"issue":"1","key":"6440_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01520-1","volume":"23","author":"NA Tayyib","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tayyib NA, Ramaiah P, Alshahrani SH et al (2023) Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) is associated with obesity rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 23(1):275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-023-01520-1","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"6440_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2557e64","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1291-0","volume":"56","author":"E Dozio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dozio E, Briganti S, Delnevo A et al (2017) Relationship between soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), body composition and fat distribution in healthy women. Eur J Nutr 56(8):2557e64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-016-1291-0","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"6440_CR5","first-page":"973","volume":"16","author":"M Zaki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zaki M, Kamal S, Kholousi S et al (2017) Serum soluble receptor of advanced glycation end products and risk of metabolic syndrome in Egyptian obese women. EXCLI J 16:973\u2013980","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"issue":"6","key":"6440_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.04.012","volume":"34","author":"KE Davis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davis KE, Prasad C, Vijayagopal P, Juma S, Imrhan V (2014) Serum soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products correlates inversely with measures of adiposity in young adults. Nutr Res 34(6):478\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutres.2014.04.012","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"6440_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.02.022","volume":"73","author":"I Hagen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hagen I, Schulte DM, M\u00fcller N et al (2015) Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products as a potential biomarker to predict weight loss and improvement of insulin sensitivity by a very low calorie diet of obese human subjects. Cytokine 73(2):265\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.02.022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"6440_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1948e65","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1636","volume":"63","author":"F Song","year":"2014","unstructured":"Song F, Hurtado del Pozo C, Rosario R et al (2014) RAGE regulates the metabolic and inflammatory response to high-fat feeding in mice. Diabetes 63:1948e65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db13-1636","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"7","key":"6440_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4883-4","volume":"62","author":"JM Wad\u00e9n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wad\u00e9n JM, Dahlstr\u00f6m EH, Elonen N et al (2019) Soluble receptor for AGE in diabetic nephropathy and its progression in Finnish individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 62(7):1268\u20131274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-019-4883-4","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6440_CR10","unstructured":"National Kidney Foundation. Quick Reference Guide on Kidney Disease Screening. https:\/\/www.kidney.org\/quick-reference-guide-kidney-disease-screening (accessed 28 January 2025)"},{"issue":"5","key":"6440_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-2478","volume":"29","author":"PM Humpert","year":"2006","unstructured":"Humpert PM, Kopf S, Djuric Z et al (2006) Plasma sRAGE is independently associated with urinary albumin excretion in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 29(5):1111\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc05-2478","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6440_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1891\/0739-6686.31.47","volume":"31","author":"KE Minges","year":"2013","unstructured":"Minges KE, Whittemore R, Grey M (2013) Overweight and obesity in youth with type 1 diabetes. Annu Rev Nurs Res 31:47\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0739-6686.31.47","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nurs Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"6440_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75667-5","volume":"10","author":"EB Parente","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parente EB, Mutter S, Harjutsalo V, Ahola AJ, Forsblom C, Groop PH (2020) Waist-height ratio and waist are the best estimators of visceral fat in type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 10(1):18575. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-75667-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"6440_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-3175","volume":"44","author":"EB Parente","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parente EB, Dahlstr\u00f6m EH, Harjutsalo V et al (2021) The relationship between body fat distribution and nonalcoholic fatty liver in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 44(7):1706\u20131713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-3175","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"6440_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab671","volume":"107","author":"EB Parente","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parente EB, Harjutsalo V, Forsblom C, Groop PH (2022) Waist-height ratio and the risk of severe diabetic eye disease in type 1 diabetes: a 15-year cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 107(2):e653\u2013e662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab671","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"6440_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1935","volume":"46","author":"EB Parente","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parente EB, Mutter S, Thorn LM, Harjutsalo V, Groop PH, FinnDiane Study Group (2023) Relationship between abdominal fatness and onset and progression of albuminuria in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 46(3):e81\u2013e82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc22-1935","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"6440_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01340-4","volume":"20","author":"EB Parente","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parente EB, Harjutsalo V, Forsblom C, Groop PH, FinnDiane Study Group (2021) The impact of central obesity on the risk of hospitalization or death due to heart failure in type 1 diabetes: a 16-year cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 20(1):153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-021-01340-4","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6440_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0170","volume":"43","author":"R Lithovius","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lithovius R, Harjutsalo V, Mutter S, Gordin D, Forsblom C, Groop P-H (2020) Resistant hypertension and risk of adverse events in individuals with type 1 diabetes: a Nationwide prospective study. Diabetes Care 43(8):1885\u20131892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-0170","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"6440_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.8.2019","volume":"28","author":"LM Thorn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thorn LM, Forsblom C, Fagerudd J et al (2005) Metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: association with diabetic nephropathy and glycemic control (the FinnDiane study). Diabetes Care 28(8):2019\u20132024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.28.8.2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6440_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0858-y","volume":"51","author":"N Tolonen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tolonen N, Forsblom C, Thorn L, FinnDiane Study Group et al (2008) Relationship between lipid pro les and kidney function in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 51:12\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-007-0858-y","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6440_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","volume":"18","author":"WT Friedewald","year":"1972","unstructured":"Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972) Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18:499\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/18.6.499","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"6440_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01535-3","volume":"21","author":"J Sabbatinelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sabbatinelli J, Castiglione S, Macr\u00ec F et al (2022) Circulating levels of AGEs and soluble RAGE isoforms are associated with all-cause mortality and development of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 21(1):95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01535-3","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"6440_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.690","volume":"23","author":"K Nakamura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nakamura K, Yamagishi S, Adachi H et al (2007) Elevation of soluble form of receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) in diabetic subjects with coronary artery disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 23:368\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.690","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"6440_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1159\/000512287","volume":"67","author":"L Butcher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Butcher L, Carnicero JA, P\u00e9r\u00e8s K et al (2021) Higher sRAGE levels predict mortality in frail older adults with cardiovascular disease. Gerontology 67(2):202\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000512287","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"9","key":"6440_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.05.011","volume":"63","author":"BI Hudson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hudson BI, Dong C, Gardener H et al (2014) Serum levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products and metabolic syndrome: the Northern Manhattan Study. Metabolism 63(9):1125\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.05.011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"6440_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E631e40","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00146.2017","volume":"313","author":"ER Miranda","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miranda ER, Somal VS, Mey JT et al (2017) Circulating soluble RAGE isoforms are attenuated in obese, impaired glucose tolerant individuals and are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 313(6):E631e40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00146.2017","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6440_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3325\/cmj.2017.58.106","volume":"58","author":"I Koborov\u00e1","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koborov\u00e1 I, Gureck\u00e1 R, Csongov\u00e1 M et al (2017) Association between metabolically healthy central obesity in women and levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products, soluble vascular adhesion protein-1, and activity of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. Croat Med J 58:106\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3325\/cmj.2017.58.106","journal-title":"Croat Med J"},{"issue":"11","key":"6440_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5195","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00042","volume":"104","author":"EH Dahlstr\u00f6m","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dahlstr\u00f6m EH, Sandholm N, Forsblom CM et al (2019) Body mass index and mortality in individuals with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(11):5195\u20135204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2019-00042","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"6440_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2186-5","volume":"54","author":"MC Thomas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thomas MC, S\u00f6derlund J, Lehto M et al (2011) Soluble receptor for AGE (RAGE) is a novel independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 54(10):2669\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-011-2186-5","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"18","key":"6440_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.18.2847","volume":"160","author":"T Wilsgaard","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wilsgaard T, Schirmer H, Arnesen E (2000) Impact of body weight on blood pressure with a focus on sex differences: the Tromso Study, 1986\u20131995. Arch Intern Med 160(18):2847\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.160.18.2847","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6440_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802568","volume":"28","author":"JS Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee JS, Kawakubo K, Kashihara H, Mori K (2004) Effect of long-term body weight change on the incidence of hypertension in Japanese men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 28(3):391\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802568","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"6440_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l5584","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5584","volume":"367","author":"C Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen C, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Pan XF, Pan A (2019) Weight change across adulthood in relation to all cause and cause specific mortality: prospective cohort study. BMJ 367:l5584","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6440_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124468","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1124468","volume":"10","author":"B Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang B, Yang J, Wong MM et al (2023) Trends in elevated waist-to-height ratio and waist circumference in U.S. adults and their associations with cardiometabolic diseases and cancer, 1999-2018. Front Nutr 10:1124468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2023.1124468","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"6440_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m3324","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3324","volume":"370","author":"A Jayedi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jayedi A, Soltani S, Zargar MS, Khan TA, Shab-Bidar S (2020) Central fatness and risk of all cause mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 72 prospective cohort studies. BMJ 370:m3324","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"6440_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-17846-x","volume":"24","author":"ZT Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen ZT, Wang XM, Zhong YS, Zhong WF, Song WQ, Wu XB (2024) Association of changes in waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and weight-adjusted-waist index with multimorbidity among older Chinese adults: results from the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey (CLHLS). BMC Public Health 24(1):318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-17846-x","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"6440_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2008.03.004","volume":"19","author":"GD Norata","year":"2009","unstructured":"Norata GD, Garlaschelli K, Grigore L et al (2009) Circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products is inversely associated with body mass index and waist\/hip ratio in the general population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 19:129\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2008.03.004","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"6440_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0291","volume":"60","author":"HM Colhoun","year":"2011","unstructured":"Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington P et al (2011) Total soluble and endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation end products as predictive biomarkers of coronary heart disease risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the CARDS trial. Diabetes 60:2379\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db11-0291","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"6440_CR38","first-page":"531","volume":"73","author":"D Kanikowska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kanikowska D, Kanikowska A, Swora-Cwynar E et al (2022) Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) correlates with obesity-related parameters, and it is not easy to be modified by moderate caloric restriction in obese humans. J Physiol Pharmacol 73(4):531\u2013538","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6440_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nzac046","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzac046","volume":"6","author":"CJ Popp","year":"2022","unstructured":"Popp CJ, Zhou B, Manigrasso MB et al (2022) Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE) isoforms predict changes in resting energy expenditure in adults with obesity during weight loss. Curr Dev Nutr 6(5):nzac046. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cdn\/nzac046","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"issue":"17","key":"6440_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7213","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00058","volume":"60","author":"S Bongarzone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bongarzone S, Savickas V, Luzi F, Gee AD (2017) Targeting the Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE): a medicinal chemistry perspective. J Med Chem 60(17):7213\u20137232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00058","journal-title":"J Med Chem"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06440-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06440-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06440-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T12:41:17Z","timestamp":1757162477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06440-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["6440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06440-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0012-186X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1432-0428"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors gratefully acknowledge all the participants, physicians and nurses at each FinnDiane centre participating in recruitment and characterisation of participants. A complete list of physicians and nurses at the FinnDiane centres throughout Finland is presented in the ESM Table . We also acknowledge the skilled assistance of A. Dufva, H. Krigsman, H. Olanne, M. Parkkonen, A. Sandelin and K. Uljala at Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Center, Helsinki. Part of this work was presented as a short oral presentation at the 58th annual meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) in 2022 (19\u201323 September 2022, Stockholm, Sweden).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Acknowledgements"}},{"value":"Individual-level data for the study participants are not publicly available because of the restrictions due to the study consent provided by the participant at the time of data collection.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"The study was supported by grants from Folkh\u00e4lsan Research Foundation, Wilhelm and Else Stockmann Foundation, Liv och H\u00e4lsa Society, Sigrid Juselius Foundation (220027), Research Council of Finland (316664), Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF23OC0082732, NNFOC0013659), Medical Society of Finland, State funding for university-level health research by Helsinki University Hospital (TYH2023403), Diabetes Research Foundation and Biomedicum Helsinki Foundation.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"P-HG has received research grants from Eli Lilly and Roche, and lecture fees from Astellas, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Berlin Chemie, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Elo Water, Genzyme, Medscape, Menarini, MSD, Mundipharma, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, PeerVoice, Sanofi and SCIARC. He is an advisory board member for AbbVie, Astellas, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Medscape, MSD, Mundipharma, Nestl\u00e9, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. EBP reports receiving lecture honorariums from Astra Zeneca and Sanofi, and has been an employee of Boehringer Ingelheim since February 2024. The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"KA and EBP developed the study concept and design, and interpreted the results. KA wrote the first draft of the manuscript and performed the main statistical analyses. EBP contributed to part of the statistical analysis and VH provided guidance for statistical analysis. ML provided assistance for sRAGE measurements. NS and P-HG contributed to the study design. KA, EBP, VH, ML, NS and P-HG discussed the final results and critically evaluated the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final content of the manuscript. P-HG is the guarantor of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}