{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T13:10:16Z","timestamp":1794489016839,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012643","name":"Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012643","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK114233"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK114233"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK127497"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK127497"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK138469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK138469"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UG3DK142188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UG3DK142188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000361","name":"Diabetes UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\/0006504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/0006504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000361","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK121843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK121843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK124395"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK124395"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06462-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T14:03:32Z","timestamp":1753884212000},"page":"1859-1878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes: implications for pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment\u20142024 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7764-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmella","family":"Evans-Molina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2456-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuval","family":"Dor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1735-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c5ke","family":"Lernmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6099-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chantal","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0426-3492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Millman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5013-6075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raghavendra G.","family":"Mirmira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3274-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flemming","family":"Pociot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5871-4645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria J.","family":"Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3872-7793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen S.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1160-6062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9253-838X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael R.","family":"Rickels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1786-1531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. David","family":"Leslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"6462_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124611","volume":"129","author":"I Agache","year":"2019","unstructured":"Agache I, Akdis CA (2019) Precision medicine and phenotypes, endotypes, genotypes, regiotypes, and theratypes of allergic diseases. J Clin Invest 129:1493\u20131503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI124611","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"6462_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05927-2","volume":"66","author":"A-G Ziegler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ziegler A-G (2023) The countdown to type 1 diabetes: when, how and why does the clock start? Diabetologia 66:1169\u20131178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-023-05927-2","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01045-0","volume":"21","author":"A Lernmark","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lernmark A, Agardh D, Akolkar B et al (2025) Looking back at the TEDDY study: lessons and future directions. Nat Rev Endocrinol 21:154\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-024-01045-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"6462_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.06.018","volume":"35","author":"MA Atkinson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Atkinson MA, Mirmira RG (2023) The pathogenic \u2018\u201csymphony\u201d\u2019 in type 1 diabetes: a disorder of the immune system, \u03b2 cells, and exocrine pancreas. Cell Metab 35:1500\u20131518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.06.018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"6462_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2918","volume":"12","author":"AL Barab\u00e1si","year":"2011","unstructured":"Barab\u00e1si AL, Gulbahce N, Loscalzo J (2011) Network medicine: a network-based approach to human disease. Nat Rev Genet 12:56\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrg2918","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"6462_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00159-6","volume":"11","author":"RD Leslie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leslie RD, Ma RCW, Franks PW, Nadeau KJ, Reason ER, Redondo MJ (2023) Understanding diabetes heterogeneity: key steps towards precision medicine in diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 11:848\u2013860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00159-6","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"6462_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0880","volume":"43","author":"M Battaglia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Battaglia M, Ahmed S, Anderson MS et al (2020) Introducing the endotype concept to address the challenge of disease heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 43:5\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-0880","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00853-0","volume":"19","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Morgan NG (2023) Heterogeneity and endotypes in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 19:542\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-023-00853-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"6462_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4210-x","volume":"60","author":"MI McCarthy","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCarthy MI (2017) Painting a new picture of personalized medicine for diabetes. Diabetologia 60:793\u2013799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4210-x","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05211-7","volume":"63","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Hagopian WA, Oram R et al (2020) The clinical consequences of heterogeneity within and between different diabetes types. Diabetologia 63:2040\u20132048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05211-7","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1419","volume":"38","author":"RA Insel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Insel RA, Dunne JL, Atkinson MA et al (2015) Staging presymptomatic type 1 diabetes: a scientific statement of JDRF, the Endocrine Society, and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 38:1964\u20131974","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1902226","volume":"381","author":"KC Herold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Herold KC, Bundy BN, Long SA, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group et al (2019) An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 381:603\u2013613","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6462_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabc8980","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abc8980","volume":"13","author":"EK Sims","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sims EK, Bundy BN, Stier K, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group et al (2021) Teplizumab improves and stabilizes beta cell function in antibody-positive high-risk individuals. Sci Transl Med 13:eabc8980","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"6462_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00390-4","volume":"11","author":"C Evans-Molina","year":"2023","unstructured":"Evans-Molina C, Oram RA (2023) Teplizumab approval for type 1 diabetes in the USA. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 11:76\u201377","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"6462_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3245","volume":"47","author":"S Onengut-Gumuscu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Onengut-Gumuscu S, Chen W-M, Burren O et al (2015) Fine mapping of type 1 diabetes susceptibility loci and evidence for colocalization of causal variants with lymphoid gene enhancers. Nat Genet 47:381\u2013386","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"6462_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03552-w","volume":"594","author":"J Chiou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiou J, Geusz RJ, Okino M-L et al (2021) Interpreting type 1 diabetes risk with genetics and single-cell epigenomics. Nature 594:398\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03552-w","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6462_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-1251","volume":"48","author":"C McGrail","year":"2025","unstructured":"McGrail C, Chiou J, Egamal R et al (2025) Genetic discovery and risk prediction for type 1 diabetes in individuals without high-risk HLA-DR3\/DR4 haplotypes. Diabetes Care 48:202\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc24-1251","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1032","volume":"41","author":"DL Cousminer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cousminer DL, Ahlqvist E, Mishra R et al (2018) First genome-wide association study of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults reveals novel insights linking immune and metabolic diabetes. Diabetes Care 41:2396\u20132403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc18-1032","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2023","volume":"42","author":"M Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu M, Xu K, Chen Y et al (2019) Identification of novel T1D risk loci and type association with age and islet function at diagnosis in autoantibody-positive T1D individuals: based on a two-stage genome-wide association study. Diabetes Care 42:1414\u20131421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc18-2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0340","volume":"74","author":"D Roshandel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Roshandel D, Spiliopoulou A, McGurnaghan SJ et al (2025) Genetics of C-peptide and age at diagnosis in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 74:223\u2013233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db24-0340","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0803","volume":"43","author":"JRJ Inshaw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inshaw JRJ, Cutler AJ, Crouch DJM, Wicker LS, Todd JA (2020) Genetic variants predisposing most strongly to type 1 diabetes diagnosed under age 7 years lie near candidate genes that function in the immune system and in pancreatic \u03b2-cells. Diabetes Care 43:169\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-0803","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10305","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402571111","volume":"111","author":"T Fl\u00f8yel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fl\u00f8yel T, Brorsson C, Nielsen LB et al (2014) CTSH regulates \u03b2-cell function and disease progression in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:10305\u201310310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1402571111","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"6462_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05955-y","volume":"66","author":"AM Luckett","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luckett AM, Weedon MN, Hawkes G, Leslie RD, Oram RA, Grant SFA (2023) Utility of genetic risk scores in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 66:1589\u20131600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-023-05955-y","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0087","volume":"41","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Geyer S, Steck AK, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group et al (2018) A type 1 diabetes genetic risk score predicts progression of islet autoimmunity and development of type 1 diabetes in individuals at risk. Diabetes Care 41:1887\u20131894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc18-0087","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05229-x","volume":"63","author":"SA Balcha","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balcha SA, Demisse AG, Mishra R et al (2020) Type 1 diabetes in Africa: an immunogenetic study in the Amhara of North-West Ethiopia. Diabetologia 63:2158\u20132168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05229-x","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00068-8","volume":"12","author":"Y Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei Y, Liu S, Andersson T, Feychting M, Kuja-Halkola R, Carlsson S (2024) Familial aggregation and heritability of childhood-onset and adult-onset type 1 diabetes: a Swedish register-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 12:320\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00068-8","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"6462_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06338-7","volume":"68","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Cuthbertson D, Steck AK, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group et al (2025) Characteristics of autoantibody-positive individuals without high-risk HLA-DR4-DQ8 or HLA-DR3-DQ2 haplotypes. Diabetologia 68:588\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-024-06338-7","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051626","volume":"44","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Yu L, Hawa M et al (2001) Heterogeneity of type I diabetes: analysis of monozygotic twins in Great Britain and the United States. Diabetologia 44:354\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001250051626","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0518","volume":"46","author":"M L\u00f6nnrot","year":"2023","unstructured":"L\u00f6nnrot M, Lynch KF, Rewers M, TEDDY Study Group et al (2023) Gastrointestinal infections modulate the risk for insulin autoantibodies as the first-appearing autoantibody in the TEDDY study. Diabetes Care 46:1908\u20131915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc23-0518","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0667-0","volume":"25","author":"K Vehik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vehik K, Lynch KF, Wong MC, TEDDY Study Group et al (2019) Prospective virome analyses in young children at increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Nat Med 25:1865\u20131872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0667-0","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"6462_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42763-9","volume":"14","author":"J Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin J, Moradi E, Salenius K, TEDDY Study Group et al (2023) Distinct transcriptomic profiles in children prior to the appearance of type 1 diabetes-linked islet autoantibodies and following enterovirus infection. Nat Commun 14:7630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-42763-9","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6462_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi21-0012","volume":"70","author":"MA Charles","year":"2021","unstructured":"Charles MA, Leslie RD (2021) Diabetes: concepts of \u03b2-cell organ dysfunction and failure would lead to earlier diagnoses and prevention. Diabetes 70:2444\u20132456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dbi21-0012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2088","volume":"34","author":"AK Steck","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steck AK, Johnson K, Barriga KJ et al (2011) Age of islet autoantibody appearance and mean levels of insulin, but not GAD or IA-2 autoantibodies, predict age of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young. Diabetes Care 34:1397\u20131399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc10-2088","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0560","volume":"34","author":"K Vehik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vehik K, Beam CA, Mahon JL, TrialNet Natural History Study Group et al (2011) Development of autoantibodies in the TrialNet Natural History Study. Diabetes Care 34:1897\u20131901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc11-0560","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00569","volume":"102","author":"E Bosi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bosi E, Boulware DC, Becker DJ, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group et al (2017) Impact of age and antibody type on progression from single to multiple autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes relatives. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 102:2881\u20132886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2017-00569","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6462_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1251","volume":"45","author":"A Parviainen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Parviainen A, H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen T, Ilonen J, But A, Knip M, Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register (2022) Heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes at diagnosis supports existence of age-related endotypes. Diabetes Care 45:871\u2013879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-1251","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2612","volume":"45","author":"JP Krischer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krischer JP, Liu X, Lernmark \u00c5, TEDDY Study Group et al (2022) Predictors of the initiation of islet autoimmunity and progression to multiple autoantibodies and clinical diabetes: the TEDDY study. Diabetes Care 45:2271\u20132281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-2612","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13648","volume":"294","author":"\u00c5 Lernmark","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lernmark \u00c5, Akolkar B, Hagopian W, TEDDY Study Group et al (2023) Possible heterogeneity of initial pancreatic islet beta-cell autoimmunity heralding type 1 diabetes. J Intern Med 294:145\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13648","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"6462_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00478-y","volume":"4","author":"JL Felton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Felton JL, Redondo MJ, Oram RA, ADA\/EASD PMDI et al (2024) Islet autoantibodies as precision diagnostic tolls to characterize heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review. Commun Med (Lond) 4:66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00478-y","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"key":"6462_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2228","volume":"40","author":"FK Gorus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorus FK, Balti EV, Messaaoui A et al (2017) Twenty-year progression rate to clinical onset according to autoantibody profile, age, and HLA-DQ genotype in a registry-based group of children and adults with a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 40:1065\u20131072. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-2228","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2081","volume":"35","author":"L Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu L, Boulware DC, Beam CA, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group et al (2012) Zinc transporter-8 autoantibodies improve prediction of type 1 diabetes in relatives positive for the standard biochemical autoantibodies. Diabetes Care 35:1213\u20131218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc11-2081","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2426","volume":"38","author":"AK Steck","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steck AK, Vehik K, Bonifacio E, TEDDY Study Group et al (2015) Predictors of progression from the appearance of islet autoantibodies to early childhood diabetes: The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY). Diabetes Care 38:808\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc14-2426","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0981","volume":"34","author":"JM Sosenko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sosenko JM, Skyler JS, Palmer JP, Diabetes Prevention Trial\u2013Type 1 and Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Groups et al (2011) A longitudinal study of GAD65 and ICA512 autoantibodies during the progression to type 1 diabetes in Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) participants. Diabetes Care 34:2435\u20132437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc11-0981","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR44","first-page":"3455","volume":"106","author":"X Jia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jia X, He L, Miao D et al (2021) High-affinity ZnT8 autoantibodies by electrochemiluminescence assay improve risk prediction for type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106:3455\u20133463","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6462_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3294-9","volume":"57","author":"C Bender","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bender C, Schlosser M, Christen U, Ziegler AG, Achenbach P (2014) GAD autoantibody affinity in schoolchildren from the general population. Diabetologia 57:1911\u20131918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-014-3294-9","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05492-6","volume":"64","author":"Y Gu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gu Y, Jia X, Vartak T, Action LADA Consortium and the Diabetes in Young Adults (DiYA) Study Group et al (2021) Improving clinical utility of GAD65 autoantibodies by electrochemiluminescence assay and clinical phenotype when identifying autoimmune adult-onset diabetes. Diabetologia 64:2052\u20132060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-021-05492-6","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/21.2.352","volume":"21","author":"L Nystrom","year":"1992","unstructured":"Nystrom L, Dahlquist G, Ostman J et al (1992) Risk of developing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) before 35 years of age: indications of climatological determinants for age at onset. Int J Epidemiol 21:352\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/21.2.352","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"6462_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00190-0","volume":"11","author":"LA Allen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Allen LA, Taylor PN, Gillespie KM, Oram RA, Dayan CM (2023) Maternal type 1 diabetes and relative protection against offspring transmission. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 11:755\u2013767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00190-0","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"6462_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-00996-9","volume":"24","author":"KS Forsyth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Forsyth KS, Jiwrajka N, Lovell CD, Toothacre NE, Anguera MC (2024) The conneXion between sex and immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 24:487\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-024-00996-9","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"6462_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2365","volume":"29","author":"U Samuelsson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Samuelsson U, Lindblad B, Carlsson A, Better Diabetes Diagnosis Study Group et al (2013) Residual beta cell function at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents varies with gender and season. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 29:85\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.2365","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"6462_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e973","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab787","volume":"107","author":"JRN Lemos","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lemos JRN, Baidal DA, Poggioli R et al (2022) Prolonged islet allograft function is associated with female sex in patients after islet transplantation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 107:e973\u2013e979. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab787","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6462_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2023.101678","volume":"69","author":"GP Brownrigg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brownrigg GP, Xia YH, Chu CMJ et al (2023) Sex differences in islet stress responses support female \u03b2 cell resilience. Mol Metab 69:101678","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"6462_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.242","volume":"8","author":"JP Tiano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tiano JP, Mauvais-Jarvis F (2012) Importance of oestrogen receptors to preserve functional \u03b2-cell mass in diabetes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 8:342\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2011.242","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"6462_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-2236","volume":"46","author":"JM Sosenko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sosenko JM, Cuthbertson D, Sims EK, TrialNet Study Group et al (2023) Phenotypes associated with zones defined by area under the curve glucose and C-peptide in a population with islet autoantibodies. Diabetes Care 46:1098\u20131105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc22-2236","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05365-4","volume":"64","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Nathan BM, Jacobsen LM, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group et al (2021) Index60 as an additional diagnostic criterion for type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 64:836\u2013844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05365-4","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0567","volume":"44","author":"A Jeyam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jeyam A, Colhoun H, McGurnaghan S, SDRNT1BIO Investigators et al (2021) Clinical impact of residual C-peptide secretion in type 1 diabetes on glycemia and microvascular complications. Diabetes Care 44:390\u2013398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-0567","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12973","volume":"12","author":"JF Morales","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morales JF, Muse R, Podichetty JT et al (2023) Disease progression joint model predicts time to type 1 diabetes onset: optimizing future type 1 diabetes prevention studies. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 12:1016\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/psp4.12973","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol"},{"key":"6462_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000267","volume":"23","author":"JM Sosenko","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sosenko JM (2016) Staging the progression to type 1 diabetes with prediagnostic markers. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 23:297\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MED.0000000000000267","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"6462_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05523-2","volume":"64","author":"NG Bediaga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bediaga NG, Li-Wai-Suen CSN, Haller MJ et al (2021) Simplifying prediction of disease progression in pre-symptomatic type 1 diabetes using a single blood sample. Diabetologia 64:2432\u20132444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-021-05523-2","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0641","volume":"34","author":"JM Sosenko","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sosenko JM, Skyler JS, Mahon J, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet and Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Study Groups et al (2011) Validation of the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 risk score in the TrialNet Natural History Study. Diabetes Care 34:1785\u20131787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc11-0641","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0163","volume":"73","author":"M Martino","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martino M, Galderisi A, Evans-Molina C, Dayan C (2024) Revisiting the pattern of loss of \u03b2-cell function in preclinical type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 73:1769\u20131779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db24-0163","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2849","volume":"39","author":"EK Sims","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sims EK, Chaudhry Z, Watkins R et al (2016) Elevations in the fasting serum proinsulin-to-C-peptide ratio precede the onset of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 39:1519\u20131526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-2849","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00276853","volume":"31","author":"DA Heaton","year":"1988","unstructured":"Heaton DA, Millward BA, Gray IP et al (1988) Increased proinsulin levels as an early indicator of \u03b2-cell dysfunction in non-diabetic twins of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetologia 31:182\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00276853","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.38.10.1271","volume":"38","author":"SG Hartling","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hartling SG, Lindgren F, Dahlqvist G, Persson B, Binder C (1989) Elevated proinsulin in healthy siblings of IDDM patients independent of HLA identity. Diabetes 38:1271\u20131274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diab.38.10.1271","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12216","volume":"16","author":"A Barker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barker A, Lauria A, Schloot N et al (2014) Age-dependent decline of \u03b2-cell function in type 1 diabetes after diagnosis: a multi-centre longitudinal study. Diabetes Obes Metab 16:262\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.12216","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"6462_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0360","volume":"39","author":"W Hao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hao W, Gitelman S, DiMeglio LA, Boulware D, Greenbaum CJ, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group (2016) Fall in C-peptide during first 4 years from diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: variable relation to age, HbA1c, and insulin dose. Diabetes Care 39:1664\u20131670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc16-0360","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0931","volume":"36","author":"MI Hawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hawa MI, Kolb H, Schloot N, Action LADA Consortium et al (2013) Adult-onset autoimmune diabetes in Europe is prevalent with a broad clinical phenotype: action LADA 7. Diabetes Care 36:908\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc12-0931","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0207","volume":"62","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Xiang Y, Ji L, LADA China Study Group et al (2013) Frequency, immunogenetics, and clinical characteristics of latent autoimmune diabetes in China (LADA China study): a nationwide, multicenter, clinic-based cross-sectional study. Diabetes 62:543\u2013550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db12-0207","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1952","volume":"38","author":"AK Davis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davis AK, DuBose SN, Haller MJ, T1D Exchange Clinic Network et al (2015) Prevalence of detectable C-peptide according to age at diagnosis and duration of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 38:476\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc14-1952","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi23-0012","volume":"73","author":"E Latres","year":"2024","unstructured":"Latres E, Greenbaum CJ, Oyaski ML et al (2024) Evidence for C-peptide as a validated surrogate to predict clinical benefits in trials of disease-modifying therapies for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 73:823\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dbi23-0012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi24-0019","volume":"73","author":"C Evans-Molina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Evans-Molina C, Oram RA (2024) A golden hour and golden opportunity for \u03b2-cell preservation. Diabetes 73:834\u2013836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dbi24-0019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05836-w","volume":"66","author":"E Ferrannini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ferrannini E, Mari A, Monaco GSF, Skyler JS, Evans-Molina C (2023) The effect of age on longitudinal measures of beta cell function and insulin sensitivity during the progression of early stage type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 66:508\u2013519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-022-05836-w","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1083-4","volume":"18","author":"P Leete","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leete P, Mallone R, Richardson SJ, Sosenko JM, Redondo MJ, Evans-Molina C (2018) The effect of age on the progression and severity of type 1 diabetes: potential effects on disease mechanisms. Curr Diab Rep 18:115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-018-1083-4","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"6462_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2331","volume":"40","author":"CT Ferrara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferrara CT, Geyer SM, Liu Y-F, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group et al (2017) Excess BMI is childhood; a modifiable risk factor for type 1 diabetes development? Diabetes Care 40:698\u2013701","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4660-9","volume":"61","author":"M Tosur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tosur M, Geyer SM, Rodriguez H, Libman I, Baidal DA, Redondo MJ, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group (2018) Ethnic differences in progression of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in relatives at risk. Diabetologia 61:2043\u20132053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-018-4660-9","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1167","volume":"43","author":"C Ferrara-Cook","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferrara-Cook C, Geyer SM, Evans-Molina C, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group et al (2020) Excess BMI accelerates islet autoimmunity in older children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 43:580\u2013587","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0861","volume":"41","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Steck AK, Sosenko J, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group et al (2018) Transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene polymorphism and progression from single to multiple autoantibody positivity in individuals at risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 41:2480\u20132486","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05818-y","volume":"66","author":"MJ Redondo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Redondo MJ, Richardson SJ, Perry D et al (2023) Milder loss of insulin-containing islets in individuals with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes-associated TCF7L2 genetic variants. Diabetologia 66:127\u2013131","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1681","volume":"47","author":"J Virostko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Virostko J, Wright JJ, Williams JM et al (2024) Longitudinal assessment of pancreas volume by MRI predicts progression to stage 3 type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 47:393\u2013400","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1317","volume":"46","author":"L Bakinowska","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bakinowska L, Vartak T, Phuthego T, Action LADA Consortium; BOX Study Group et al (2023) Exocrine proteins including trypsin(ogen) as a key biomarker in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 46:714\u2013721","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2020-0295","volume":"26","author":"TP Foster","year":"2020","unstructured":"Foster TP, Bruggeman B, Campbell-Thompson M, Atkinson MA, Haller MJ, Schatz DA (2020) Exocrine pancreas dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. Endocr Prat 26:1505\u20131513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP-2020-0295","journal-title":"Endocr Prat"},{"key":"6462_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05203-7","volume":"63","author":"MA Atkinson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Atkinson MA, Campbell-Thompson M, Kusmartseva I, Kaestner KH (2020) Organisation of the human pancreas in health and in diabetes. Diabetologia 63:1966\u20131973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05203-7","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0438-4","volume":"36","author":"P In\u2019t Veld","year":"2014","unstructured":"In\u2019t Veld P (2014) Insulitis in human type 1 diabetes: a comparison between patients and animal models. Semin Immunopathol 36:569\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-014-0438-4","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"6462_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0365","volume":"63","author":"S Arif","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arif S, Leete P, Nguyen V et al (2014) Blood and islet phenotypes indicate immunological heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 63:3835\u20133845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db14-0365","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1615","volume":"65","author":"P Leete","year":"2016","unstructured":"Leete P, Wilcox A, Krogvold L et al (2016) Differential insulitic profiles determine the extent of \u03b2-cell destruction and the age at onset of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 65:1362\u20131369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db15-1615","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kusmartseva I, Posgai A, Yang M et al (2024) The human pancreas in type 1 diabetes: lessons learned from the Network of Pancreatic Organ Donors with Diabetes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. Online ahead of print on 12 August. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a041588","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a041588"},{"key":"6462_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47686-7","volume":"15","author":"J Lehrstrand","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lehrstrand J, Davies WIL, Hahn M, Korsgren O, Alanentalo T, Ahlgren U (2024) Illuminating the complete \u03b2-cell mass of the human pancreas; signifying a new view on the islets of Langerhans. Nat Commun 15:3318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-47686-7","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"Suppl. 19","key":"6462_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/1841498a0","volume":"184","author":"B Hellman","year":"1959","unstructured":"Hellman B (1959) Actual distribution of the number and volume of the islets of Langerhans in different size classes in non-diabetic humans of varying ages. Nature 184(Suppl. 19):1498\u20131499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/1841498a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6462_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Murrall K, Luckett T, Lekka C et al (2025) Small things matter: lack of extra-islet beta cells in type 1 diabetes. medRxiv (Preprint). 17 April. Available from. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.04.11.648319","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.11.648319"},{"key":"6462_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.01.021","volume":"29","author":"PJ Thompson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thompson PJ, Shah A, Ntranos V, Van Gool F, Atkinson M, Bhushan A (2019) Targeted elimination of senescent beta cells prevents type 1 diabetes. Cell Metab 29:1045-1060.e10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.01.021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"6462_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1085-2","volume":"18","author":"RKP Benninger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Benninger RKP, Dorrell C, Hodson DJ, Rutter GA (2018) The impact of pancreatic beta cell heterogeneity on type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Curr Diab Rep 18:112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-018-1085-2","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"6462_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05052-x","volume":"608","author":"Q Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Q, Gloudemans MJ, Geisinger JM et al (2022) RNA editing underlies genetic risk of common inflammatory diseases. Nature 608:569\u2013577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-022-05052-x","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"6462_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.11.011","volume":"36","author":"UE Knebel","year":"2024","unstructured":"Knebel UE, Peleg S, Dai C et al (2024) Disrupted RNA editing in beta cells mimics early-stage type 1 diabetes. Cell Metab 36:48-61.e6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.11.011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"6462_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42581-z","volume":"14","author":"A Ylescupidez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ylescupidez A, Bahnson HT, O\u2019Rourke C, Lord S, Speake C (2023) A standardized metric to enhance clinical trial design and outcome interpretation in type 1 diabetes. Nat Commun 14:7214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-42581-z","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6462_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00267-X","volume":"11","author":"PN Taylor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taylor PN, Collins KS, Lam A, Trial Outcome Markers Initiative Collaboration et al (2023) C-peptide and metabolic outcomes in trials of disease modifying therapy in new-onset type 1 diabetes: an individual participant meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 11:915\u2013925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00267-X","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"6462_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012350","volume":"346","author":"Diabetes Prevention Trial\u2014Type 1 Diabetes Study Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"Diabetes Prevention Trial\u2014Type 1 Diabetes Study Group (2002) Effects of insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 346:1685\u20131691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa012350","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6462_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17070","volume":"318","author":"JP Krischer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Writing Committee for the Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Oral Insulin Study Group, Krischer JP, Schatz DA, Bundy B, Skyler JS, Greenbaum CJ (2017) Effect of oral insulin on prevention of diabetes in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 318:1891\u20131902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.17070","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6462_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-0573","volume":"47","author":"LP Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao LP, Papadopoulos GK, Skyler JS et al (2024) Oral insulin delay of stage 3 type 1 diabetes revisited in HLA DR4\u2013DQ8 participants in the TrialNet Oral Insulin Prevention Trial (TN07). Diabetes Care 47:1608\u20131616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc24-0573","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-1185","volume":"70","author":"PS Linsley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Linsley PS, Greenbaum CJ, Nepom GT (2021) Uncovering pathways to personalized therapies in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 70:831\u2013841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db20-1185","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e161812","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.161812","volume":"8","author":"LM Jacobsen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jacobsen LM, Diggins K, Blanchfield L et al (2023) Responders to low-dose ATG induce CD4+ T cell exhaustion in type 1 diabetes. JCI Insight 8:e161812","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"6462_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.2337\/db22-0852","volume":"72","author":"G Sassi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sassi G, Licata G, Ventriglia G et al (2023) A plasma miR-193b-365 signature combined with age and glycemic status predicts response to lactococcus lactis-based antigen-specific immunotherapy in new-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 72:1470\u20131482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db22-0852","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2306691","volume":"389","author":"M Waibel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waibel M, Wentworth JM, So M, BANDIT Study Group et al (2023) Baricitinib and \u03b2-cell function in patients with new-onset type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 389:2140\u20132150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2306691","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6462_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.2064","volume":"329","author":"GP Forlenza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Forlenza GP, McVean J, Beck RW, CLVer Study Group et al (2023) Effect of verapamil on pancreatic beta cell function in newly diagnosed pediatric type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 329:990\u2013999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2023.2064","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"6462_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3418","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0234","volume":"65","author":"C Ricordi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ricordi C, Goldstein JS, Balamurugan AN et al (2016) National Institutes of Health\u2013sponsored Clinical Islet Transplantation Consortium phase 3 trial: manufacture of a complex cellular product at eight processing facilities. Diabetes 65:3418\u20133428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db16-0234","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1988","volume":"39","author":"BJ Hering","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hering BJ, Clarke WR, Bridges ND, Clinical Islet Transplantation Consortium et al (2016) Phase 3 trial of transplantation of human islets in type 1 diabetes complicated by severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 39:1230\u20131240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-1988","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2688","volume":"45","author":"MR Rickels","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rickels MR, Eggerman TL, Bayman L, Clinical Islet Transplantation Consortium et al (2022) Long-term outcomes with islet-alone and islet-after-kidney transplantation for type 1 diabetes in the Clinical Islet Transplantation Consortium: the CIT-08 study. Diabetes Care 45:2967\u20132975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-2688","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2890","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1802","volume":"62","author":"MR Rickels","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rickels MR, Liu C, Shlansky-Goldberg RD et al (2013) Improvement in \u03b2-cell secretory capacity after human islet transplantation according to the CIT07 protocol. Diabetes 62:2890\u20132897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db12-1802","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2337\/db24-0729","volume":"74","author":"AJ Flatt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Flatt AJ, Matus AM, Gallop RJ et al (2024) \u03b2-cell secretory capacity predicts metabolic outcomes over 6 years following human islet transplantation. Diabetes 74:749\u2013759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db24-0729","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1155","volume":"46","author":"DA Baidal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baidal DA, Ballou CM, Rickels MR, CITR Investigators et al (2023) Predictive value of C-peptide measures for clinical outcomes of \u03b2-cell replacement therapy in type 1 diabetes: report from the Collaborative Islet Transplant Registry (CITR). Diabetes Care 46:697\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc22-1155","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.04.002","volume":"30","author":"NJ Hogrebe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hogrebe NJ, Ishahak M, Millman JR (2023) Developments in stem cell\u2013derived islet replacement therapy for treating type 1 diabetes. Cell Stem Cell 30:530\u2013548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2023.04.002","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"6462_CR111","first-page":"S524","volume":"67","author":"T Reichman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reichman T, Witkowski P, Markmann J et al (2024) LBA 31: Improvement in glycaemic control and elimination of exogenous insulin use in patients with type 1 diabetes infused with fully differentiated islet cells (VX-880). Diabetologia 67(Suppl. 1):S524\u2013S525 ((Abstract))","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.09.004","volume":"187","author":"S Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang S, Du Y, Zhang B et al (2024) Transplantation of chemically induced pluripotent stem-cell\u2013derived islets under abdominal anterior rectus sheath in a type 1 diabetes patient. Cell 187:6152-6164.e18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2024.09.004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"6462_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadf6376","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adf6376","volume":"15","author":"IJ Anwar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anwar IJ, Berman DM, DeLaura I et al (2023) The anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody AT-1501 promotes islet and kidney allograft survival and function in nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 15:eadf6376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.adf6376","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"6462_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.02.001","volume":"31","author":"X Hu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hu X, White K, Young C et al (2024) Hypoimmune islets achieve insulin independence after allogeneic transplantation in a fully immunocompetent non-human primate. Cell Stem Cell 31:334-340.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2024.02.001","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"6462_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0770","volume":"44","author":"RD Leslie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leslie RD, Evans-Molina C, Freund-Brown J et al (2021) Adult-onset type 1 diabetes: current understanding and challenges. Diabetes Care 44:2449\u20132456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc21-0770","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28909-1","volume":"13","author":"BC Kwon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kwon BC, Anand V, Achenbach P, T1D1 Study Group et al (2022) Progression of type 1 diabetes from latency to symptomatic disease is predicted by distinct autoimmune trajectories. Nat Commun 13:1514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-28909-1","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"6462_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05047-w","volume":"63","author":"LM Jacobsen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jacobsen LM, Bocchino L, Evans-Molina C et al (2020) The risk of progression to type 1 diabetes is highly variable in individuals with multiple autoantibodies following screening. Diabetologia 63:588\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-019-05047-w","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05974-9","volume":"66","author":"R Moulder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moulder R, V\u00e4likangas T, Hirvonen MK et al (2023) Targeted serum proteomics of longitudinal samples from newly diagnosed youth with type 1 diabetes distinguishes markers of disease and C-peptide trajectory. Diabetologia 66:1983\u20131996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-023-05974-9","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6462_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3833","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3833","volume":"40","author":"JJA Armenteros","year":"2024","unstructured":"Armenteros JJA, Brorsson C, Johansen CH, INNODIA Investigators et al (2024) Multi-omics analysis reveals drivers of loss of \u03b2-cell function after newly diagnosed autoimmune type 1 diabetes: an INNODIA multicenter study. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 40:e3833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.3833","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"6462_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E716","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00649.2020","volume":"320","author":"MA Miranda","year":"2021","unstructured":"Miranda MA, Macias-Velasco JF, Lawson HA (2021) Pancreatic \u03b2-cell heterogeneity in health and diabetes: classes, sources, and subtypes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 320:E716\u2013E731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpendo.00649.2020","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"6462_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j5295","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5295","volume":"360","author":"J Weng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Weng J, Zhou Z, Guo L, T1D China Study Group et al (2018) Incidence of type 1 diabetes in China, 2010\u201313: population based study. BMJ 360:j5295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j5295","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"6462_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02502-5","volume":"29","author":"DK Tobias","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tobias DK, Merino J, Ahmad A et al (2023) Second international consensus report on gaps and opportunities for the clinical translation of precision diabetes medicine. Nat Med 29:2438\u20132457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-023-02502-5","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"6462_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.02.018","volume":"188","author":"R Tienhoven","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tienhoven R, O\u2019Meally D, Scott TA et al (2025) Genetic protection from type 1 diabetes resulting from accelerated insulin mRNA decay. Cell 188:2407\u20132416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2025.02.018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"6462_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0016","volume":"40","author":"NA Lund-Blix","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lund-Blix NA, Sander SD, St\u00f8rdal K et al (2017) Infant feeding and risk of type 1 diabetes in two large Scandinavian birth cohorts. Diabetes Care 40:920\u2013927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-0016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1983","volume":"41","author":"U Uusitalo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Uusitalo U, Lee H-S, Aronsson CA, TEDDY Study Group et al (2018) Early infant diet and islet autoimmunity in the TEDDY study. Diabetes Care 41:522\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-1983","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6462_CR126","first-page":"3945064","volume":"2023","author":"CA Aronsson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aronsson CA, Tamura R, Vehik K et al (2023) Dietary intake and body mass index influence the risk of islet autoimmunity in genetically at-risk children: a mediation analysis using the TEDDY cohort. Pediatr Diabetes 2023:3945064","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2757","volume":"170","author":"U Uusitalo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Uusitalo U, Liu X, Yang J, TEDDY Study Group et al (2016) Association of early exposure of probiotics and islet autoimmunity in the TEDDY study. JAMA Pediatr 170:20\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.2757","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"6462_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12788","volume":"20","author":"I Ekman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ekman I, Vuorinen T, Knip M et al (2019) Early childhood CMV infection may decelerate the progression to clinical type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 20:73\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12788","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"6462_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00154","volume":"40","author":"MR Rickels","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rickels MR, Robertson RP (2019) Pancreatic islet transplantation in humans: recent progress and future directions. Endocr Rev 40:631\u2013668. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2018-00154","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06462-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06462-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06462-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:01:26Z","timestamp":1757289686000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06462-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["6462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06462-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Editorial support services for this article were provided by Debbie Kendall of Kendall Editorial in Richmond, VA. The authors thank Dr Emily Anderson-Baucum of Indiana University School of Medicine for her helpful edits and comments. The contributions of SJR and RDL were made in collaboration with the UK T1D Research Consortium. Portions of the content were presented at a symposium at the ADA\u2019s 84th Scientific Sessions on 24 June 2024 in Orlando, FL, USA. A video presentation is included in the ESM (ESM Video ).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Acknowledgments"}},{"value":"The 2024 Diabetes, Diabetes Care, and Diabetologia Expert Forum \u2018The Heterogeneity of Type 1 Diabetes: Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment\u2019, including a subsequent symposium presented on this topic and the preparation of this article, was supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (grant number\u00a0NNF24SA0092023). JRM is supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01DK114233, UG3DK142188, R01DK127497, and R01DK138469; Breakthrough T1D grants 3-SRA-2023-1295-S-B and 3-SRA-2024-1555-S-B; the Edward J. Mallinckrodt Foundation; and the Anita Palmer Corbin Trust. MJR is supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grants R01 DK124395 and R01 DK121843. SJR is supported by a Steve Morgan Foundation\/Diabetes UK\/Breakthrough T1D Grand Challenge Senior Research Fellowship (22\/0006504).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"CE-M has served on advisory boards related to type 1 diabetes research clinical trial initiatives for Avotres, DiogenX, Dompe Pharmaceuticals, Isla Technologies, MaiCell Technologies, and Provention Bio and holds a patent (16\/291,668) for Extracellular Vesicle Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Cargo as a Biomarker of Hyperglycaemia and Type 1 Diabetes and a provisional patent (63\/285,765) for Biomarker for Type 1 Diabetes (PDIA1 as a biomarker of \u03b2-cell stress). \u00c5L is on the Advisory Board of Diamyd. CM serves or has served on advisory panels for Abbott, Bayer, Biomea Fusion, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Insulet, Medtronic, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Roche, SAB Bio, Sanofi, and Vertex and serves or has served on speakers bureaus for Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Dexcom, Eli Lilly, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, and Vertex. Financial compensation for these activities has been received by her institution, which has also received support for her research from ActoBio Therapeutics, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi. She is also president of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). External support of EASD can be found online at . JRM is an inventor on patents and patent applications related to SC-islets, was employed at Sana Biotechnology, and has stock in Sana Biotechnology. RGM serves on the scientific advisory board for Veralox Therapeutics; holds a patent (US 10,738,343 B2) for \u2018Extracellular Vesicle Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Cargo as a Biomarker of Hyperglycemia and Type 1 Diabetes and a patent (US 11,268,148 B2) for \u2018DNA Methylation in Inflammatory Disease\u2019; and has received investigator-initiated grants from Hibercell, Inc., and Veralox Therapeutics. FP has served on advisory boards related to type 1 diabetes screening for Sanofi. MJR is a member of the Editorial Board of Diabetologia. SSR is a consultant for the Administrative Coordinating Center for the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) programme and Westat and has received lecture fees from Sanofi. MRR has received consulting fees from Novo Nordisk, Sernova Corp., and Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; speaker honoraria from Bayer Healthcare Co.; and research support from Domp\u00e9 farmaceutici S.p.A. and Tandem Diabetes. RDL is on the Advisory Board of Diamyd. All other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"All authors contributed to writing, reviewing, and revising the first draft of the manuscript; CE-M and RDL substantively edited the manuscript; and all authors reviewed, revised, and approved the final version for submission. CE-M and RDL are the guarantors of this work and, as such, take responsibility for the integrity of the review.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}