{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T00:54:28Z","timestamp":1792716868097,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06478-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T20:46:39Z","timestamp":1754340399000},"page":"2327-2339","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Variation in type 2 diabetes prevalence across different populations: the key drivers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0702-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna Y.","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8534-9970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyedeh Forough","family":"Sajjadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0517-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayesha A.","family":"Motala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6187-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9507-6096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dianna J.","family":"Magliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"6478_CR1","unstructured":"IDF (2025) IDF diabetes atlas, 11th edn. IDF, Brussels, Belgium"},{"issue":"9","key":"6478_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001060","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001060","volume":"2","author":"C Lu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lu C, Ahmed R, Lamri A, Anand SS (2022) Use of race, ethnicity, and ancestry data in health research. PLoS Glob Public Health 2(9):e0001060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001060","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"10467","key":"6478_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02317-1","volume":"404","author":"B Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou B, Rayner AW, Gregg EW et al (2024) Worldwide trends in diabetes prevalence and treatment from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 1108 population-representative studies with 141 million participants. Lancet 404(10467):2077\u20132093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02317-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6478_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","volume":"183","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S et al (2022) IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 183:109119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"6478_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111937","volume":"218","author":"JY Gong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gong JY, Salim A, Fourlanos S, Magliano DJ, Shaw JE (2024) The impact of ethnicity and its definition on diabetes prevalence: a national Australian whole-of-population study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 218:111937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111937","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"6478_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l5003","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5003","volume":"366","author":"DJ Magliano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Magliano DJ, Islam RM, Barr EL et al (2019) Trends in incidence of total or type 2 diabetes: systematic review. BMJ 366:l5003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l5003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"6478_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30402-2","volume":"9","author":"DJ Magliano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magliano DJ, Chen L, Islam RM et al (2021) Trends in the incidence of diagnosed diabetes: a multicountry analysis of aggregate data from 22 million diagnoses in high-income and middle-income settings. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 9(4):203\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30402-2","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"6478_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52461","volume":"221","author":"DJ Magliano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Magliano DJ, Chen L, Morton JI, Buyadaa O, Salim A, Shaw JE (2024) Changes in the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Australia, 2005\u20132019, overall and by socio-demographic characteristics: a population-based study. Med J Aust 221(9):473\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.52461","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"6478_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05199-0","volume":"63","author":"L Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen L, Islam RM, Wang J et al (2020) A systematic review of trends in all-cause mortality among people with diabetes. Diabetologia 63:1718\u20131735. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05199-0","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"6478_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00327-2","volume":"10","author":"DJ Magliano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magliano DJ, Chen L, Carstensen B et al (2022) Trends in all-cause mortality among people with diagnosed diabetes in high-income settings: a multicountry analysis of aggregate data. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 10(2):112\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00327-2","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6478_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","volume":"14","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB (2018) Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14(2):88\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6478_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.2337\/dci17-0005","volume":"40","author":"RR Kalyani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kalyani RR, Golden SH, Cefalu WT (2017) Diabetes and aging: unique considerations and goals of care. Diabetes Care 40(4):440\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci17-0005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"6478_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-023-02162-4","volume":"60","author":"W Rathmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rathmann W, Seidel-Jacobs E, Hering R, Schulz M, Hoyer A, T\u00f6nnies T (2023) Age at type 2 diabetes diagnosis among adults in Germany in 2014, 2019 and 2020. Acta Diabetol 60(11):1591\u20131593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-023-02162-4","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"6478_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nakagami T, Qiao Q, Carstensen B, Nhr-Hansen C, Hu G, Tuomilehto J, Balkau B, Borch-Johnsen K, DECODE-DECODA Study Group (2003) Age, body mass index and Type 2 diabetes-associations modified by ethnicity. Diabetologia 46(8):1063\u20131070. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-003-1158-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-003-1158-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"6478_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2004.03.012","volume":"65","author":"A Ramachandran","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Vijay V (2004) Low risk threshold for acquired diabetogenic factors in Asian Indians. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 65(3):189\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2004.03.012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"6478_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-020-05767-5","volume":"36","author":"P Le","year":"2021","unstructured":"Le P, Zhang L, Misra-Hebert AD, Taksler GB, Herman WH, Rothberg MB (2021) Trends in age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes among US adults from 2001 to 2016. J Gen Intern Med 36(4):1144\u20131146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-020-05767-5","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-015-0065-x","volume":"13","author":"N Sudharsanan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sudharsanan N, Ali MK, Mehta NK, Narayan KMV (2015) Population aging, macroeconomic changes, and global diabetes prevalence, 1990\u20132008. Popul Health Metr 13(1):33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12963-015-0065-x","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6478_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12092","volume":"78","author":"S SaboorAftab","year":"2013","unstructured":"SaboorAftab S, Kumar S, Barber T (2013) The role of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the development of male obesity-associated secondary hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol 78(3):330\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.12092","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6478_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00527-y","volume":"12","author":"C Koliaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koliaki C, Dalamaga M, Liatis S (2023) Update on the obesity epidemic: after the sudden rise, is the upward trajectory beginning to flatten? Curr Obes Rep 12(4):514\u2013527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13679-023-00527-y","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"issue":"10481","key":"6478_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00355-1","volume":"405","author":"M Ng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ng M, Gakidou E, Lo J et al (2025) Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990\u20132021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 405(10481):813\u2013838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00355-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"6478_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7030765","volume":"7","author":"RS Chan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chan RS, Woo J (2010) Prevention of overweight and obesity: how effective is the current public health approach. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7(3):765\u2013783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph7030765","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"6478_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.13.1581","volume":"161","author":"AE Field","year":"2001","unstructured":"Field AE, Coakley EH, Must A et al (2001) Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a 10-year period. Arch Intern Med 161(13):1581\u20131586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archinte.161.13.1581","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"6478_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966093","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.966093","volume":"10","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wang X, Wang M et al (2022) The global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to high body mass index in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Front Public Health 10:966093. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.966093","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01673-0","volume":"17","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Chen Y, Tang Y, Zhang S, Zhuang Z, Ni Q (2025) Rising tide: the growing global burden and inequalities of early-onset type 2 diabetes among youths aged 15\u201334 years (1990\u20132021). Diabetol Metab Syndr 17(1):103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13098-025-01673-0","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6478_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0046","volume":"46","author":"W Perng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perng W, Conway R, Mayer-Davis E, Dabelea D (2023) Youth-onset type 2 diabetes: the epidemiology of an awakening epidemic. Diabetes Care 46(3):490\u2013499. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci22-0046","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6478_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e072385","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-072385","volume":"379","author":"J Xie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xie J, Wang M, Long Z et al (2022) Global burden of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults, 1990\u20132019: systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMJ 379:e072385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2022-072385","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"6478_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.11165","volume":"326","author":"JM Lawrence","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lawrence JM, Divers J, Isom S et al (2021) Trends in prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in the US, 2001\u20132017. JAMA 326(8):717\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2021.11165","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.214","volume":"3","author":"RJ Koopman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koopman RJ, Mainous AG, Diaz VA, Geesey ME (2005) Changes in age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States, 1988 to 2000. Ann Fam Med 3(1):60\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1370\/afm.214","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6478_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0334-z","volume":"16","author":"DJ Magliano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Magliano DJ, Sacre JW, Harding JL, Gregg EW, Zimmet PZ, Shaw JE (2020) Young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus\u2014Implications for morbidity and mortality. Nat Rev Endocrinol 16(6):321\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-020-0334-z","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6478_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1576","volume":"178","author":"X Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang X, Liu J, Ni Y et al (2024) Global prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 178(8):800\u2013813. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1576","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"6478_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390903372599","volume":"49","author":"EJ McAllister","year":"2009","unstructured":"McAllister EJ, Dhurandhar NV, Keith SW et al (2009) Ten putative contributors to the obesity epidemic. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49(10):868\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10408390903372599","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"6478_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0508-y","volume":"14","author":"ER Pulgaron","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pulgaron ER, Delamater AM (2014) Obesity and type 2 diabetes in children: epidemiology and treatment. Curr Diab Rep 14(8):508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-014-0508-y","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"6478_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100291","volume":"14","author":"JS Knudsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Knudsen JS, Knudsen SS, Hulman A et al (2022) Changes in type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality associated with introduction of HbA1c as diagnostic option: a Danish 24-year population-based study. Lancet Reg Health Eur 14:100291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100291","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2980250","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2980250","volume":"2022","author":"N Pourhabibi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pourhabibi N, Mohebbi B, Sadeghi R et al (2022) Determinants of poor treatment adherence among patients with type 2 diabetes and limited health literacy: a scoping review. J Diabetes Res 2022(1):2980250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/2980250","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"6478_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100627","volume":"29","author":"AJ Scheen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scheen AJ (2023) Underuse of glucose-lowering medications associated with cardiorenal protection in type 2 diabetes: from delayed initiation to untimely discontinuation. Lancet Reg Health Eur 29:100627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100627","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"6478_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1019-z","volume":"18","author":"D Beran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beran D, Ewen M, Lipska K, Hirsch IB, Yudkin JS (2018) Availability and affordability of essential medicines: implications for global diabetes treatment. Curr Diab Rep 18:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-018-1019-z","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"6478_CR37","unstructured":"Global Food Research Program, UNC-Chapel Hill (2025) Food and beverage taxes. Available from: https:\/\/www.globalfoodresearchprogram.org\/resource\/taxes-on-unhealthy-foods-and-beverages\/. Accessed 27 May 2025"},{"key":"6478_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-019-00289-x","volume":"8","author":"S Vandevijvere","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vandevijvere S, Vanderlee L (2019) Effect of formulation, labelling, and taxation policies on the nutritional quality of the food supply. Curr Nutr Rep 8:240\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13668-019-00289-x","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05585-2","volume":"65","author":"MK Ali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ali MK, Pearson-Stuttard J, Selvin E, Gregg EW (2022) Interpreting global trends in type 2 diabetes complications and mortality. Diabetologia 65(1):3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-021-05585-2","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"6478_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-022-00690-7","volume":"18","author":"D Tomic","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tomic D, Shaw JE, Magliano DJ (2022) The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 18(9):525\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41574-022-00690-7","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6478_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.013","volume":"50","author":"MG Tinajero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tinajero MG, Malik VS (2021) An update on the epidemiology of type 2 diabetes: a global perspective. Endocrinol Metab Clin 50(3):337\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.013","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin"},{"issue":"6","key":"6478_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818000572","volume":"146","author":"A Mercer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mercer A (2018) Updating the epidemiological transition model. Epidemiol Infect 146(6):680\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268818000572","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1_suppl","key":"6478_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19S","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827609335350","volume":"3","author":"RE McKeown","year":"2009","unstructured":"McKeown RE (2009) The epidemiologic transition: changing patterns of mortality and population dynamics. Am J Lifestyle Med 3(1_suppl):19S-26S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1559827609335350","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"6478_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0442","volume":"34","author":"FB Hu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hu FB (2011) Globalization of diabetes: the role of diet, lifestyle, and genes. Diabetes Care 34(6):1249\u20131257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc11-0442","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"6478_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30204-3","volume":"6","author":"AP Hills","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hills AP, Arena R, Khunti K et al (2018) Epidemiology and determinants of type 2 diabetes in south Asia. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 6(12):966\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30204-3","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70043","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70043","volume":"17","author":"L Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang L, Xie D, Liu F et al (2025) Global and regional burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus attributable to low physical activity from 1990 to 2021. J Diabetes 17(1):e70043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-0407.70043","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70112-8","volume":"2","author":"PZ Zimmet","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zimmet PZ, Magliano DJ, Herman WH, Shaw JE (2014) Diabetes: a 21st century challenge. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2(1):56\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70112-8","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2991\/j.jegh.2017.11.004","volume":"8","author":"EM Onyango","year":"2018","unstructured":"Onyango EM, Onyango BM (2018) The rise of noncommunicable diseases in Kenya: an examination of the time trends and contribution of the changes in diet and physical inactivity. J Epidemiol Glob Health 8(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/j.jegh.2017.11.004","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"6478_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx078","volume":"46","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD RisC) \u2012 Africa Working Group","year":"2017","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD RisC) \u2012 Africa Working Group (2017) Trends in obesity and diabetes across Africa from 1980 to 2014: an analysis of pooled population-based studies. Int J Epidemiol 46(5):1421\u20131432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyx078","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6478_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01593.x","volume":"55","author":"A Drewnowski","year":"1997","unstructured":"Drewnowski A, Popkin BM (1997) The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet. Nutr Rev 55(2):31\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01593.x","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21164","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-48488-5","volume":"13","author":"S Debnath","year":"2023","unstructured":"Debnath S, Dey A, Khanam R et al (2023) Historical shifting in grain mineral density of landmark rice and wheat cultivars released over the past 50 years in India. Sci Rep 13(1):21164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-48488-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19054","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98681-7","volume":"11","author":"M Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang M, Li X, Hu L, Xiao Z, Chen J, Cao F (2021) Comparing texture and digestion properties between white and brown rice of indica cultivars preferred by Chinese consumers. Sci Rep 11(1):19054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-98681-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"6478_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2001.tb06967.x","volume":"59","author":"BM Popkin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Popkin BM, Horton S, Kim S, Mahal A, Shuigao J (2001) Trends in diet, nutritional status, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases in China and India: the economic costs of the nutrition transition. Nutr Rev 59(12):379\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2001.tb06967.x","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"6478_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100455","volume":"26","author":"R Sendhil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sendhil R, Kumara TK, Ramasundaram P, Sinha M, Kharkwal S (2020) Nutrition status in India: dynamics and determinants. Glob Food Secur 26:100455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100455","journal-title":"Glob Food Secur"},{"issue":"12","key":"6478_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2451837","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.51837","volume":"7","author":"P Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang P, Gao X, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL (2024) Socioeconomic status, diet, and behavioral factors and cardiometabolic diseases and mortality. JAMA Netw Open 7(12):e2451837\u2013e2451837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.51837","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-018-0029-x","volume":"8","author":"C Galbete","year":"2018","unstructured":"Galbete C, Nicolaou M, Meeks K et al (2018) Dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes among Ghanaian migrants in Europe and their compatriots in Ghana: the RODAM study. Nutr Diabetes 8(1):25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41387-018-0029-x","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"6478_CR57","unstructured":"Prendergast M (1993) Viewpoints; a brief history of coca-colonization. The New York Times, 15 Aug 1993"},{"issue":"S741","key":"6478_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00625.x","volume":"249","author":"P Zimmet","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zimmet P (2001) Globalization, coca-colonization and the chronic disease epidemic: can the Doomsday scenario be averted? J Intern Med 249(S741):17\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00625.x","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6478_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.06.012","volume":"93","author":"KE Minges","year":"2011","unstructured":"Minges KE, Zimmet P, Magliano DJ, Dunstan DW, Brown A, Shaw JE (2011) Diabetes prevalence and determinants in indigenous Australian populations: a systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 93(2):139\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.06.012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6377","key":"6478_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/357362a0","volume":"357","author":"JM Diamond","year":"1992","unstructured":"Diamond JM (1992) Human evolution. Diabetes running wild. Nature 357(6377):362\u2013363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/357362a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"6478_CR61","first-page":"353","volume":"14","author":"JV Neel","year":"1962","unstructured":"Neel JV (1962) Diabetes mellitus: a \u201cthrifty\u201d genotype rendered detrimental by \u201cprogress\u201d? Am J Hum Genet 14(4):353\u2013362","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-12-10","volume":"12","author":"S Myles","year":"2011","unstructured":"Myles S, Lea RA, Ohashi J et al (2011) Testing the thrifty gene hypothesis: the Gly482Ser variant in PPARGC1Ais associated with BMI in Tongans. BMC Med Genet 12(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2350-12-10","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"6478_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3620","volume":"48","author":"RL Minster","year":"2016","unstructured":"Minster RL, Hawley NL, Su C-T et al (2016) A thrifty variant in CREBRF strongly influences body mass index in Samoans. Nat Genet 48(9):1049\u20131054. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3620","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"9166","key":"6478_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(98)07546-1","volume":"353","author":"AT Hattersley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hattersley AT, Tooke JE (1999) The fetal insulin hypothesis: an alternative explanation of the association of low birthweight with diabetes and vascular disease. Lancet 353(9166):1789\u20131792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(98)07546-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6478_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829565","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.829565","volume":"13","author":"L-M Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li L-M, Jiang B-G, Sun L-L (2022) HNF1A: from monogenic diabetes to type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol 13:829565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.829565","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6478_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/s0009-9120(03)00004-3","volume":"36","author":"RA Hegele","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hegele RA, Zinman B, Hanley AJ, Harris SB, Barrett PH, Cao H (2003) Genes, environment and Oji-Cree type 2 diabetes. Clin Biochem 36(3):163\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0009-9120(03)00004-3","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"7513","key":"6478_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13425","volume":"512","author":"I Moltke","year":"2014","unstructured":"Moltke I, Grarup N, J\u00f8rgensen ME et al (2014) A common Greenlandic TBC1D4 variant confers muscle insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature 512(7513):190\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature13425","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"6478_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13082","volume":"288","author":"H Yaghootkar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yaghootkar H, Whitcher B, Bell J, Thomas E (2020) Ethnic differences in adiposity and diabetes risk\u2013insights from genetic studies. J Intern Med 288(3):271\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joim.13082","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"6478_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00400248","volume":"35","author":"CN Hales","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hales CN, Barker DJ (1992) Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia 35(7):595\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00400248","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6478_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-011-0243-6","volume":"12","author":"WW Hay","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hay WW (2012) Care of the infant of the diabetic mother. Curr Diab Rep 12:4\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11892-011-0243-6","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"6478_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000473","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000473","volume":"2","author":"Z Gassasse","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gassasse Z, Smith D, Finer S, Gallo V (2017) Association between urbanisation and type 2 diabetes: an ecological study. BMJ Glob Health 2(4):e000473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000473","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980012002881","volume":"16","author":"S Basu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Basu S, Stuckler D, McKee M, Galea G (2013) Nutritional determinants of worldwide diabetes: an econometric study of food markets and diabetes prevalence in 173 countries. Public Health Nutr 16(1):179\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980012002881","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"6478_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119807216.ch2","volume-title":"Urbal ecology and global climate change","author":"SP Choudhury","year":"2022","unstructured":"Choudhury SP, Arora A, Jain N, Dey SK (2022) Climate change, urbanisation, and their impact on increased occurrence of cardiometabolic syndrome. In: Bhadouria R, Upadhyay S, Tripathi S, Singh P (eds) Urbal ecology and global climate change. John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA, pp 30\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119807216.ch2"},{"key":"6478_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107570","volume":"170","author":"M S\u00f8rensen","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00f8rensen M, Poulsen AH, Hvidtfeldt UA et al (2022) Air pollution, road traffic noise and lack of greenness and risk of type 2 diabetes: a multi-exposure prospective study covering Denmark. Environ Int 170:107570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107570","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"6478_CR75","unstructured":"WHO (2025) Refugee and migrant health. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/refugee-and-migrant-health#tab=tab_1. Accessed 27 May 2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"6478_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2337\/dci24-0046","volume":"48","author":"V Mohan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohan V (2025) Lessons learned from epidemiology of type 2 diabetes in south Asians: Kelly west award lecture 2024. Diabetes Care 48(2):153\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci24-0046","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6478_CR77","first-page":"468","volume":"52","author":"V Mohan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mohan V (2004) Why are Indians more prone to diabetes? J Assoc Physicians India 52:468\u2013474","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"6478_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05586-1","volume":"64","author":"C Agyemang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agyemang C, van der Linden EL, Bennet L (2021) Type 2 diabetes burden among migrants in Europe: unravelling the causal pathways. Diabetologia 64:2665\u20132675. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-021-05586-1","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"6478_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.4.860","volume":"137","author":"R P\u00e9rez-Escamilla","year":"2007","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Escamilla R, Putnik P (2007) The role of acculturation in nutrition, lifestyle, and incidence of type 2 diabetes among Latinos. J Nutr 137(4):860\u2013870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/137.4.860","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"06","key":"6478_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1284-6778","volume":"131","author":"S \u015eat","year":"2023","unstructured":"\u015eat S, Ayd\u0131nko\u00e7-Tuzcu K, Berger F et al (2023) Diabetes and migration. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 131(06):319\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1284-6778","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341809","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1341809","volume":"61","author":"C Galbete","year":"2017","unstructured":"Galbete C, Nicolaou M, Meeks KA et al (2017) Food consumption, nutrient intake, and dietary patterns in Ghanaian migrants in Europe and their compatriots in Ghana. Food Nutr Res 61(1):1341809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16546628.2017.1341809","journal-title":"Food Nutr Res"},{"key":"6478_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.02.013","volume":"91","author":"E Evangelou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Evangelou E, Ntritsos G, Chondrogiorgi M et al (2016) Exposure to pesticides and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int 91:60\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2016.02.013","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2013.09.006","volume":"40","author":"D Magliano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Magliano D, Loh V, Harding J, Botton J, Shaw J (2014) Persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Diabetes Metab 40(1):1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabet.2013.09.006","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"6478_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00712","volume":"9","author":"Y-M Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee Y-M, Jacobs DR Jr, Lee D-H (2018) Persistent organic pollutants and type 2 diabetes: a critical review of review articles. Front Endocrinol 9:712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00712","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"6478_CR85","unstructured":"Stockholm Convention (2024) Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). Available from: https:\/\/pops.int\/TheConvention\/Overview\/tabid\/3351\/Default.aspx. Accessed 27 May 2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"6478_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1039\/D3VA00347G","volume":"3","author":"OE Akinrinade","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akinrinade OE, Agunbiade FO, Alani R, Ayejuyo OO (2024) Implementation of the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in Africa\u2013progress, challenges, and recommendations after 20 years. Environ Sci Adv 3(5):623\u2013634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3VA00347G","journal-title":"Environ Sci Adv"},{"key":"6478_CR87","unstructured":"United Nations (2025) Some chemical pollutants reducing in humans and the environment, but new ones keep popping up. Available from: https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/press-release\/some-chemical-pollutants-reducing-humans-and-environment-new-ones. Accessed 20 Jan 2025"},{"key":"6478_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151003","volume":"809","author":"S Kurwadkar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kurwadkar S, Dane J, Kanel SR et al (2022) Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: a critical review of their global occurrence and distribution. Sci Total Environ 809:151003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151003","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"6478_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020716","volume":"18","author":"F Farrugia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farrugia F, Aquilina A, Vassallo J, Pace NP (2021) Bisphenol A and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of epidemiologic, functional, and early life factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(2):716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18020716","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"6478_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.03.025","volume":"92","author":"SA Baluka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baluka SA, Rumbeiha WK (2016) Bisphenol A and food safety: lessons from developed to developing countries. Food Chem Toxicol 92:58\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2016.03.025","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"6478_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00648","volume":"9","author":"E Tudur\u00ed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tudur\u00ed E, Marroqui L, Dos Santos RS, Quesada I, Fuentes E, Alonso-Magdalena P (2018) Timing of exposure and bisphenol-A: implications for diabetes development. Front Endocrinol 9:648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2018.00648","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"6478_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4940-z","volume":"62","author":"RM Sargis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sargis RM, Simmons RA (2019) Environmental neglect: endocrine disruptors as underappreciated but potentially modifiable diabetes risk factors. Diabetologia 62:1811\u20131822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-019-4940-z","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"6478_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e586","DOI":"10.1016\/s2542-5196(22)00122-x","volume":"6","author":"K Burkart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Burkart K, Causey K, Cohen AJ et al (2022) Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM(2\u00b75) air pollution, 1990\u20132019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Planet Health 6(7):e586\u2013e600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2542-5196(22)00122-x","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"6478_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.08.010","volume":"106","author":"EV Balti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balti EV, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Yako YY, Kengne AP (2014) Air pollution and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 106(2):161\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.08.010","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"6478_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e235","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30103-0","volume":"4","author":"P Hystad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hystad P, Larkin A, Rangarajan S et al (2020) Associations of outdoor fine particulate air pollution and cardiovascular disease in 157 436 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Planet Health 4(6):e235\u2013e245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30103-0","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"6478_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106725","volume":"156","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Wang B, Liu S et al (2021) Type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2.5: a global burden study from 1990 to 2019. Environ Int 156:106725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2021.106725","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000317","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000317","volume":"5","author":"LL Blauw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blauw LL, Aziz NA, Tannemaat MR et al (2017) Diabetes incidence and glucose intolerance prevalence increase with higher outdoor temperature. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 5(1):e000317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000317","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"6478_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000302","volume":"8","author":"M Badpa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Badpa M, Schneider A, Schwettmann L, Thorand B, Wolf K, Peters A (2024) Air pollution, traffic noise, greenness, and temperature and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: results from the KORA cohort study. Environ Epidemiol 8(2):e302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000302","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"6478_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0134","volume":"121","author":"T T\u00f6nnies","year":"2024","unstructured":"T\u00f6nnies T, Hering R, Schulz M, Kuss O (2024) The association of mean air temperature with the incidence of type 2 diabetes-an ecological study. Dtsch Arztebl Int 121(23):781\u2013782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.m2024.0134","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"6478_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13366","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13366","volume":"23","author":"BM Popkin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Popkin BM, Ng SW (2022) The nutrition transition to a stage of high obesity and noncommunicable disease prevalence dominated by ultra-processed foods is not inevitable. Obes Rev 23(1):e13366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.13366","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"6478_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00078-4","volume":"9","author":"BM Popkin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Popkin BM, Barquera S, Corvalan C et al (2021) Towards unified and impactful policies to reduce ultra-processed food consumption and promote healthier eating. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 9(7):462\u2013470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00078-4","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6478_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12002","volume":"14","author":"LM Powell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Powell LM, Chriqui JF, Khan T, Wada R, Chaloupka FJ (2013) Assessing the potential effectiveness of food and beverage taxes and subsidies for improving public health: a systematic review of prices, demand and body weight outcomes. Obes Rev 14(2):110\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/obr.12002","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"10034","key":"6478_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01284-2","volume":"387","author":"JF Sallis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sallis JF, Cerin E, Conway TL et al (2016) Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet 387(10034):2207\u20132217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01284-2","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06478-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06478-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06478-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:02:22Z","timestamp":1785794542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06478-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"references-count":103,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["6478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06478-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"DJM and JES are supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grants. JYG is the recipient of NHMRC, National Heart Foundation of Australia, Rowden White and Sheppard M Lowe scholarships. SFS is supported by a Monash Graduate Scholarship and Monash International Tuition Scholarship. This article received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Funding","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"All authors contributed to the conception, writing and review of this manuscript. All authors approved the final version to be published.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Contribution statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}