{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:30:00Z","timestamp":1791959400327,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent reports estimate that approximately 9% of adults globally identify as a sexual and gender minority (SGM), including lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer (LGBTQ+) people. While research has shown that SGM populations experience health disparities, few studies have focused on cardiometabolic risk and outcomes, particularly with regard to diabetes and its sequelae. Using narrative review methods, we describe the epidemiology of cardiometabolic risk factors and outcomes in SGM populations, with a focus on literature resulting from meta-analyses and analyses of large samples published between 2017 and 2025. We also propose recommendations for follow-up and monitoring of metabolic and cardiovascular risk in SGM populations. Available data show varying risk for cardiometabolic conditions across SGM subpopulations. Studies of UK data have noted that sexual minority women have an increased risk of diabetes compared with heterosexual women, while data from the USA reveal ambiguous results depending on the data source. Transgender adults were found to be at increased risk for diabetes compared with cisgender comparators in UK data sources but not in US sources. For chronic kidney disease (CKD), risk varied by subpopulation and data source. Notably, SGM subpopulations in the UK were reported to have an increased risk of CKD while similar populations in the USA appear to have no difference in risk compared with cisgender, heterosexual comparators. Similarly, risk for CVD among sexual minority populations varied by data source. However, both US and UK data suggest that transgender adults are at increased risk of CVD. Subsequent research is needed to further characterise these disparities and longitudinal cohort studies must be explicitly inclusive of SGM populations. Ideally, SGM-specific longitudinal cohort studies should be executed to more accurately and effectively characterise cardiometabolic risk, outcomes and potential interventions in these populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06572-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:41:45Z","timestamp":1761057705000},"page":"2652-2669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sexual orientation, gender identity and cardiometabolic risk: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6922-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meredith S.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3302-5047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren B.","family":"Beach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8834-1560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hill L.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2992-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjee","family":"Restar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2533-0818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adovich S.","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3075-253X","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr","given":"Carl G.","family":"Streed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"6572_CR1","unstructured":"Ipsos (2023) LGBT+ Pride 2023: a 30-country Ipsos Global Advisory Survey. Available from: https:\/\/www.ipsos.com\/sites\/default\/files\/ct\/news\/documents\/2023-05\/Ipsos%20LGBT%2B%20Pride%202023%20Global%20Survey%20Report%20-%20rev.pdf. Accessed: 2 Sep 2025"},{"key":"6572_CR2","unstructured":"Jones JM (2025) LGBTQ+ identifiation in U.S. rises to 9.3%. Available from: https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/656708\/lgbtq-identification-rises.aspx. Accessed: 2 Sep 2025"},{"key":"6572_CR3","volume-title":"Understanding the well-being of LGBTQI+ populations","author":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (NASEM)","year":"2020","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) (2020) Understanding the well-being of LGBTQI+ populations. National Academies Press, Washington, DC"},{"issue":"6","key":"6572_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001003","volume":"144","author":"CG Streed Jr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Streed CG Jr, Beach LB, Caceres BA et al (2021) Assessing and addressing cardiovascular health in people who are transgender and gender diverse: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 144(6):e136\u2013e148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"6572_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e321","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000914","volume":"142","author":"BA Caceres","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caceres BA, Streed CG Jr, Corliss HL et al (2020) Assessing and addressing cardiovascular health in LGBTQ adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 142(9):e321\u2013e332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000914","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e020776","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020776","volume":"8","author":"C Meads","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meads C, Martin A, Grierson J, Varney J (2018) Systematic review and meta-analysis of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and respiratory condition epidemiology in sexual minority women. BMJ open 8(4):e020776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020776","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"11","key":"6572_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06212-6","volume":"67","author":"D Glintborg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Glintborg D, Christensen LL, Andersen MS (2024) Transgender healthcare: metabolic outcomes and cardiovascular risk. Diabetologia 67(11):2393\u20132403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-024-06212-6","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"6572_CR8","first-page":"195","volume-title":"The politics of law: a progressive critique","author":"K Crenshaw","year":"1990","unstructured":"Crenshaw K (1990) A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination law and politics. In: Kairys D (ed) The politics of law: a progressive critique. Pantheon Books, New York, NY, pp 195\u2013217"},{"key":"6572_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2023.101579","volume":"51","author":"DM Frost","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frost DM, Meyer IH (2023) Minority stress theory: application, critique, and continued relevance. Curr Opin Psychol 51:101579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copsyc.2023.101579","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6572_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S002","volume":"47","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2023","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2023) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes\u20142024. Diabetes Care 47(Suppl 1):S20\u2013S42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc24-S002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2024.105295","volume":"21","author":"A Zalabak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zalabak A, Gantioque R (2025) Cardiovascular health disparities among sexual and gender minority adults. J Nurse Pract 21(2):105295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nurpra.2024.105295","journal-title":"J Nurse Pract"},{"key":"6572_CR12","volume-title":"Adult obesity and type 2 diabetes","author":"M Gatineau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gatineau M, Hancock C, Holman N et al (2014) Adult obesity and type 2 diabetes. Public Health England, London, UK"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdy224","volume":"42","author":"J Semlyen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Semlyen J, Curtis TJ, Varney J (2020) Sexual orientation identity in relation to unhealthy body mass index: individual participant data meta-analysis of 93 429 individuals from 12 UK health surveys. J Public Health (Oxf) 42(1):98\u2013106. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdy224","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"issue":"6","key":"6572_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-017-0366-z","volume":"42","author":"G Gonzales","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gonzales G, Henning-Smith C (2017) Health disparities by sexual orientation: results and implications from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. J Community Health 42(6):1163\u20131172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-017-0366-z","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"6572_CR15","unstructured":"Dinos S, Tay N, Shipsey F, NatCen Social Research (2021) Health and health-related behaviours of lesbian, gay and bisexual adults. Health Survey England Additional Analyses. NHS Digital, London, UK"},{"key":"6572_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537242","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/537242","volume":"2014","author":"SL Katz-Wise","year":"2014","unstructured":"Katz-Wise SL, Blood EA, Milliren CE et al (2014) Sexual orientation disparities in BMI among U.S. adolescents and young adults in three race\/ethnicity groups. J Obes 2014:537242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2014\/537242","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"issue":"3","key":"6572_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2020.1740174","volume":"27","author":"BA Caceres","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caceres BA, Ancheta AJ, Dorsen C, Newlin-Lew K, Edmondson D, Hughes TL (2022) A population-based study of the intersection of sexual identity and race\/ethnicity on physiological risk factors for CVD among U.S. adults (ages 18\u201359). Ethn Health 27(3):617\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13557858.2020.1740174","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"6572_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-020-00327-y","volume":"8","author":"LL Parker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Parker LL, Harriger JA (2020) Eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors in the LGBT population: a review of the literature. J Eat Disord 8:51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-020-00327-y","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"6572_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1145-9","volume":"27","author":"JP Calzo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Calzo JP, Austin SB, Micali N (2018) Sexual orientation disparities in eating disorder symptoms among adolescent boys and girls in the UK. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27(11):1483\u20131490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-018-1145-9","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.03.003","volume":"57","author":"EW Diemer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diemer EW, Grant JD, Munn-Chernoff MA, Patterson DA, Duncan AE (2015) Gender identity, sexual orientation, and eating-related pathology in a national sample of college students. J Adolesc Health 57(2):144\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.03.003","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"6572_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23708","volume":"55","author":"JM Nagata","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nagata JM, McGuire FH, Lavender JM et al (2022) Appearance and performance-enhancing drugs and supplements, eating disorders, and muscle dysmorphia among gender minority people. Int J Eating Disord 55(5):678\u2013687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.23708","journal-title":"Int J Eating Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"6572_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab290","volume":"114","author":"JK Gibb","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gibb JK, Shokoohi M, Salway T, Ross LE (2021) Sexual orientation-based disparities in food security among adults in the United States: results from the 2003\u20132016 NHANES. Am J Clin Nutr 114(6):2006\u20132016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab290","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"6572_CR23","unstructured":"Sport England (2024) Active Lives Adult Survey November 2022-23 report. Available from: https:\/\/sportengland-production-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com\/s3fs-public\/2024-04\/Active%20Lives%20Adult%20Survey%20November%202022-23%20Report.pdf?VersionId=veYJTP_2n55UdOmX3PAXH7dJr1GA24vs. Accessed: 2 Sep 2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001017","volume":"57","author":"J Fricke","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fricke J, Gordon N, Downing J (2019) Sexual orientation disparities in physical activity: results from insured adults in California. Med Care 57(2):138\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001017","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"6572_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2017-0292","volume":"15","author":"SSC Herrick","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herrick SSC, Duncan LR (2018) A systematic scoping review of engagement in physical activity among LGBTQ+ adults. J Phys Act Health 15(3):226\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2017-0292","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"6572_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e249060","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.9060","volume":"7","author":"N Rosendale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rosendale N, Wood AJ, Leung CW, Kim AS, Caceres BA (2024) Differences in cardiovascular health at the intersection of race, ethnicity, and sexual identity. JAMA Netw Open 7(5):e249060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.9060","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2017-0298","volume":"15","author":"BA Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones BA, Haycraft E, Bouman WP, Arcelus J (2018) The levels and predictors of physical activity engagement within the treatment-seeking transgender population: a matched control study. J Phys Act Health 15(2):99\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.2017-0298","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0621-y","volume":"47","author":"BA Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones BA, Arcelus J, Bouman WP, Haycraft E (2017) Sport and transgender people: a systematic review of the literature relating to sport participation and competitive sport policies. Sports Med 47(4):701\u2013716. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0621-y","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"6572_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8843","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168843","volume":"18","author":"R Ruppert","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruppert R, Kattari SK, Sussman S (2021) Review: prevalence of addictions among transgender and gender diverse subgroups. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(16):8843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18168843","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"6572_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7005a1","volume":"70","author":"KC Heslin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heslin KC, Hall JE (2021) Sexual orientation disparities in risk factors for adverse COVID-19-related outcomes, by race\/ethnicity - behavioral risk factor surveillance system, United States, 2017-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 70(5):149\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm7005a1","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agad029","volume":"58","author":"C Meads","year":"2023","unstructured":"Meads C, Zeeman L, Sherriff N, Aranda K (2023) Prevalence of alcohol use amongst sexual and gender minority (LGBTQ+) communities in the UK: a systematic scoping review. Alcohol Alcohol 58(4):346\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/alcalc\/agad029","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"issue":"8","key":"6572_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa071","volume":"75","author":"D Kneale","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kneale D, Thomas J, French R (2020) Inequalities in health and care among lesbian, gay, and bisexual people aged 50 and older in the United Kingdom: a systematic review and meta-analysis of sources of individual participant data. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 75(8):1758\u20131771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbaa071","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2021.07.001","volume":"32","author":"MNL Taylor","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taylor MNL, Gonzales G (2022) Health disparities among women by sexual orientation identity and same-sex or different-sex cohabiting partnership status. Womens Health Issues 32(1):80\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.whi.2021.07.001","journal-title":"Womens Health Issues"},{"issue":"3","key":"6572_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/15402002.2017.1342166","volume":"17","author":"H Dai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dai H, Hao J (2019) Sleep deprivation and chronic health conditions among sexual minority adults. Behav Sleep Med 17(3):254\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15402002.2017.1342166","journal-title":"Behav Sleep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12928","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12928","volume":"29","author":"ES Butler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Butler ES, McGlinchey E, Juster RP (2020) Sexual and gender minority sleep: a narrative review and suggestions for future research. J Sleep Res 29(1):e12928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsr.12928","journal-title":"J Sleep Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-023-02732-1","volume":"53","author":"ML Wong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wong ML, Nagata JM, Barreto M (2024) Sleep and socioemotional outcomes among sexual and gender minority adolescents: a longitudinal study. Arch Sex Behav 53(2):543\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-023-02732-1","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep1020019","volume":"1","author":"EP Almazan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Almazan EP (2019) The association between sexual orientation and sleep problems: are there racial and ethnic differences? Clocks Sleep 1(2):220\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/clockssleep1020019","journal-title":"Clocks Sleep"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171640","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171640","volume":"12","author":"MK Auer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Auer MK, Liedl A, Fuss J et al (2017) High impact of sleeping problems on quality of life in transgender individuals: a cross-sectional multicenter study. PLOS ONE 12(2):e0171640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0171640","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"6572_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2234","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1403","volume":"73","author":"PF Rebeiro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rebeiro PF, Jenkins CA, Bian A et al (2021) Risk of incident diabetes mellitus, weight gain, and their relationships with integrase inhibitor-based initial antiretroviral therapy among persons with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States and Canada. Clin Infect Dis 73(7):e2234\u2013e2242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1403","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-022-00642-w","volume":"20","author":"SS Bailin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bailin SS, Koethe JR (2023) Diabetes in HIV: the link to weight gain. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep 20(1):9\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-022-00642-w","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"6572_CR41","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) Fast facts: HIV and gay and bisexual men. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/data-research\/facts-stats\/gay-bisexual-men.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/group\/msm\/index.htm. Accessed: 7 Sep 2025"},{"issue":"1S","key":"6572_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003340","volume":"95","author":"EL Korenromp","year":"2024","unstructured":"Korenromp EL, Sabin K, Stover J et al (2024) New HIV infections among key populations and their partners in 2010 and 2022, by world region: a multisources estimation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 95(1S):e34\u2013e45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003340","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304727","volume":"109","author":"JS Becasen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Becasen JS, Denard CL, Mullins MM, Higa DH, Sipe TA (2019) Estimating the prevalence of HIV and sexual behaviors among the US transgender population: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 2006\u20132017. Am J Public Health 109(1):e1\u2013e8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304727","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"6572_CR44","unstructured":"UNAIDS (2024) The urgency of now: AIDS at a crossroads. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, Geneva. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2024\/global-aids-update-2024. Accessed: 2 Sep 2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00786-8","volume":"8","author":"RL Simons","year":"2021","unstructured":"Simons RL, Lei MK, Klopack E, Zhang Y, Gibbons FX, Beach SRH (2021) Racial discrimination, inflammation, and chronic illness among African American women at midlife: support for the weathering perspective. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 8(2):339\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40615-020-00786-8","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"6572_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105215","volume":"129","author":"LM Diamond","year":"2021","unstructured":"Diamond LM, Dehlin AJ, Alley J (2021) Systemic inflammation as a driver of health disparities among sexually-diverse and gender-diverse individuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology 129:105215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105215","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-020-00180-z","volume":"44","author":"BM Wardecker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wardecker BM, Graham-Engeland JE, Almeida DM (2021) Perceived discrimination predicts elevated biological markers of inflammation among sexual minority adults. J Behav Med 44(1):53\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-020-00180-z","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"6572_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00116","volume":"6","author":"M Iwabu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iwabu M, Okada-Iwabu M, Yamauchi T, Kadowaki T (2019) Adiponectin\/AdipoR research and its implications for lifestyle-related diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 6:116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00116","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.08.002","volume":"115","author":"F Iannantuoni","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iannantuoni F, Salazar JD, Martinez de Maranon A et al (2021) Testosterone administration increases leukocyte-endothelium interactions and inflammation in transgender men. Fertil Steril 115(2):483\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.08.002","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0026","volume":"1","author":"MJ Eliason","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eliason MJ (2014) Chronic physical health problems in sexual minority women: review of the literature. LGBT Health 1(4):259\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0026","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"6572_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haarmann L, Folkerts AK, Lieker E et al (2023) Comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on physical health conditions in lesbian- and bisexual-identified women compared with heterosexual-identified women. Women's Health 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17455057231219610","DOI":"10.1177\/17455057231219610"},{"issue":"7","key":"6572_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2324969","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.24969","volume":"6","author":"NK Tran","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tran NK, Lunn MR, Schulkey CE et al (2023) Prevalence of 12 common health conditions in sexual and gender minority participants in the all of us research program. JAMA network open 6(7):e2324969\u2013e2324969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.24969","journal-title":"JAMA network open"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e068099","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068099","volume":"13","author":"CL Saunders","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saunders CL, Berner A, Lund J et al (2023) Demographic characteristics, long-term health conditions and healthcare experiences of 6333 trans and non-binary adults in England: nationally representative evidence from the 2021 GP Patient Survey. BMJ Open 13(2):e068099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-068099","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6572_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saunders CL, MacCarthy S, Meads C et al (2021) Long-term conditions among sexual minority adults in England: evidence from a cross-sectional analysis of responses to the English GP Patient Survey. BJGP Open 5(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3399\/BJGPO.2021.0067","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGPO.2021.0067"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2017-00465","volume":"2","author":"NJ Nokoff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nokoff NJ, Scarbro S, Juarez-Colunga E, Moreau KL, Kempe A (2018) Health and cardiometabolic disease in transgender adults in the United States: behavioral risk factor surveillance system 2015. J Endocr Soc 2(4):349\u2013360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/js.2017-00465","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"6572_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2656","volume":"41","author":"HL Corliss","year":"2018","unstructured":"Corliss HL, VanKim NA, Jun HJ et al (2018) Risk of type 2 diabetes among lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women: findings from the nurses\u2019 health study II. Diabetes Care 41(7):1448\u20131454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-2656","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"6572_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2018.0153","volume":"6","author":"H Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu H, Chen IC, Wilkinson L, Pearson J, Zhang Y (2019) Sexual orientation and diabetes during the transition to adulthood. LGBT Health 6(5):227\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2018.0153","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"6572_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Baker KE (2019) Findings from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system on health-related quality of life among US transgender adults, 2014\u20132017. JAMA Intern Med 179(8):1141\u20131144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.7931","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.7931"},{"key":"6572_CR59","unstructured":"Montero A, Hamel L, Artiga S, Dawson L (2024) LGBT Adults\u2019 experiences with discrimination and health care disparities: findings from the KFF Survey of Racism, Discrimination, and Health. Available from: https:\/\/www.kff.org\/report-section\/lgbt-adults-experiences-with-discrimination-and-health-care-disparities-findings\/. Accessed: 2 Sep 2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2017.0091","volume":"5","author":"LB Beach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Beach LB, Elasy TA, Gonzales G (2018) Prevalence of self-reported diabetes by sexual orientation: results from the 2014 behavioral risk factor surveillance system. LGBT Health 5(2):121\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2017.0091","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-019-00102-8","volume":"43","author":"BA Caceres","year":"2020","unstructured":"Caceres BA, Jackman KB, Edmondson D, Bockting WO (2020) Assessing gender identity differences in cardiovascular disease in US adults: an analysis of data from the 2014\u20132017 BRFSS. J Behav Med 43(2):329\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-019-00102-8","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"6572_CR62","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2024) Chronic kidney disease. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/diabetes-complications\/diabetes-and-chronic-kidney-disease.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/managing\/diabetes-kidney-disease.html. Accessed: 7 Sep 2025"},{"key":"6572_CR63","unstructured":"Diabetes UK (2024) Shared professional practice on kidney care and diabetes. Available from: https:\/\/www.diabetes.org.uk\/for-professionals\/improving-care\/good-practice\/kidney-care. Accessed: 7 Sep 2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-021-01294-9","volume":"23","author":"EH Mereish","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mereish EH, Parra LA, Watson RJ, Fish JN (2022) Subtle and intersectional minority stress and depressive symptoms among sexual and gender minority adolescents of color: mediating role of self-esteem and sense of mastery. Prev Sci 23(1):142\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11121-021-01294-9","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"6572_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(89)90233-3","volume":"38","author":"H Asscheman","year":"1989","unstructured":"Asscheman H, Gooren LJ, Eklund PL (1989) Mortality and morbidity in transsexual patients with cross-gender hormone treatment. Metabolism 38(9):869\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0026-0495(89)90233-3","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"6572_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2601068.x","volume":"47","author":"PJ van Kesteren","year":"1997","unstructured":"van Kesteren PJ, Asscheman H, Megens JA, Gooren LJ (1997) Mortality and morbidity in transsexual subjects treated with cross-sex hormones. Clin Endocrinol 47(3):337\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.2601068.x","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6572_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13080","volume":"74","author":"PJ Connelly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Connelly PJ, Marie Freel E, Perry C et al (2019) Gender-affirming hormone therapy, vascular health and cardiovascular disease in transgender adults. Hypertension 74(6):1266\u20131274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13080","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-0577","volume":"167","author":"CG Streed Jr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Streed CG Jr, Harfouch O, Marvel F, Blumenthal RS, Martin SS, Mukherjee M (2017) Cardiovascular disease among transgender adults receiving hormone therapy: a narrative review. Ann Intern Med 167(4):256\u2013267. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/M17-0577","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e005597","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005597","volume":"12","author":"T Alzahrani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alzahrani T, Nguyen T, Ryan A et al (2019) Cardiovascular disease risk factors and myocardial infarction in the transgender population. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 12(4):e005597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005597","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"6572_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-025-09701-5","author":"CG Streed Jr","year":"2025","unstructured":"Streed CG Jr, Duncan MS, Heier KR et al (2025) Incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among veterans by gender identity: a cohort study. J Gen Intern Med https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-025-09701-5","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad170","volume":"190","author":"LM van Zijverden","year":"2024","unstructured":"van Zijverden LM, Wiepjes CM, van Diemen JJK, Thijs A, den Heijer M (2024) Cardiovascular disease in transgender people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol 190(2):S13\u2013S24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad170","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000065","volume":"34","author":"M Chandra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chandra M, Hertel M, Cahill S et al (2023) Prevalence of self-reported kidney disease in older adults by sexual orientation: behavioral risk factor surveillance system analysis (2014\u20132019). J Am Soc Nephrol 34(4):682\u2013693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000065","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"6572_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Eckenrode HE, Gutierrez OM, Osis G, Agarwal A, Curtis LM (2022) Kidney disease prevalence in transgender individuals. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 17(2):280\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.04660421","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04660421"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.08.009","volume":"28","author":"A Maheshwari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maheshwari A, Dines V, Saul D, Nippoldt T, Kattah A, Davidge-Pitts C (2022) The effect of gender-affirming hormone therapy on serum creatinine in transgender individuals. Endocr Pract 28(1):52\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2021.08.009","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"6572_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01890222","volume":"17","author":"E Krupka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krupka E, Curtis S, Ferguson T et al (2022) The effect of gender-affirming hormone therapy on measures of kidney function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 17(9):1305\u20131315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.01890222","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"6572_CR76","unstructured":"Badgett MVL, Choi SK, Wilson BDM (2019) LGBT poverty in the United States: a study of differences between sexual orientation and gender identity groups. Available from: https:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/National-LGBT-Poverty-Oct-2019.pdf. Accessed: 17 Sep 2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09494-8","volume":"20","author":"M Orzechowski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Orzechowski M, Nowak M, Bielinska K et al (2020) Social diversity and access to healthcare in Europe: how does European Union\u2019s legislation prevent from discrimination in healthcare? BMC Public Health 20(1):1399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-09494-8","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"6572_CR78","unstructured":"Hasenbush A, Flores A, Kastanis A, Sears B, Gates G (2014) The LGBT divide: a data portrait of LGBT people in the Midwestern, Mountain & Southern States. Available from: https:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/LGBT-Divide-Dec-2014.pdf. Accessed: 17 Sep 2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2013.0050","volume":"2","author":"AE Petroll","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petroll AE, Mitchell JW (2015) Health insurance and disclosure of same-sex sexual behaviors among gay and bisexual men in same-sex relationships. LGBT Health 2(1):48\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2013.0050","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"6572_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221108087","volume":"38","author":"R Branstrom","year":"2023","unstructured":"Branstrom R, Fellman D, Pachankis J (2023) Structural stigma and sexual minority victimization across 28 countries: the moderating role of gender, gender nonconformity, and socioeconomic status. J Interpers Violence 38(3\u20134):3563\u20133585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221108087","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"12","key":"6572_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.153510","volume":"99","author":"ML Hatzenbuehler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hatzenbuehler ML, Keyes KM, Hasin DS (2009) State-level policies and psychiatric morbidity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. Am J Public Health 99(12):2275\u20132281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2008.153510","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"6572_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-015-0072-9","volume":"16","author":"G Alencar Albuquerque","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alencar Albuquerque G, de Lima Garcia C, da Silva Quirino G et al (2016) Access to health services by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons: systematic literature review. BMC Int Health Hum Rights 16:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12914-015-0072-9","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/0959353509342770","volume":"19","author":"A Jowett","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jowett A, Peel E (2009) Chronic illness in non-heterosexual contexts: an online survey of experiences. Fem Psychol 19(4):454\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0959353509342770","journal-title":"Fem Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2015.1083775","volume":"63","author":"C Heyes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heyes C, Dean M, Goldberg L (2016) Queer phenomenology, sexual orientation, and health care spaces: learning from the narratives of queer women and nurses in primary health care. J Homosex 63(2):141\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2015.1083775","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-022-00748-1","volume":"19","author":"KD Clark","year":"2022","unstructured":"Clark KD, Luong S, Lunn MR et al (2022) Healthcare mistreatment, state-level policy protections, and healthcare avoidance among gender minority people. Sex Res Social Policy 19(4):1717\u20131730. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13178-022-00748-1","journal-title":"Sex Res Social Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4937-9","volume":"17","author":"M-H Trinh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Trinh M-H, Ag\u00e9nor M, Austin SB, Jackson CL (2017) Health and healthcare disparities among U.S. women and men at the intersection of sexual orientation and race\/ethnicity: a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 17(1):964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-017-4937-9","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"6572_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101881","volume":"28","author":"M Pinnamaneni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pinnamaneni M, Payne L, Jackson J, Cheng CI, Cascio MA (2022) Disparities in chronic physical health conditions in sexual and gender minority people using the United States Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Prev Med Rep 28:101881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101881","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"6572_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rivera AS, Plank M, Davis A, Feinstein MJ, Rusie LK, Beach LB (2022) Assessing widening disparities in HbA1c and systolic blood pressure retesting during the COVID-19 pandemic in an LGBTQ+-focused federally qualified health center in Chicago: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 10(6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjdrc-2022-002990","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2022-002990"},{"key":"6572_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S36368","volume":"6","author":"TA Miller","year":"2013","unstructured":"Miller TA, Dimatteo MR (2013) Importance of family\/social support and impact on adherence to diabetic therapy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 6:421\u2013426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DMSO.S36368","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"6572_CR90","unstructured":"National LGBT Health Education Center (2019) Diabetes prevention and management for LGBTQ people. Available from: https:\/\/www.lgbtqiahealtheducation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/TFIE-35_LGBT-Diabetes-Brief_final2_pages.pdf. Accessed: 2 Sep 2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/add.16400","volume":"119","author":"A Leinberger-Jabari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leinberger-Jabari A, Golob MM, Lindson N, Hartmann-Boyce J (2024) Effectiveness of culturally tailoring smoking cessation interventions for reducing or quitting combustible tobacco: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Addiction 119(4):629\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.16400","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"6572_CR92","unstructured":"Executive Office of the President (2025) Executive Order 14168: defending women from gender ideology extremism and restoring biological truth to the Federal Government. Available from: https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2025\/01\/30\/2025-02090\/defending-women-from-gender-ideology-extremism-and-restoring-biological-truth-to-the-federal. Accessed: 2 Sep 2025"},{"key":"6572_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Restar AJ, Gamarel KE, Operario D (2025) Gender affirmation research is not gender ideology extremism, it is science. Am J Public Health e1\u2013e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308220","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2025.308220"},{"issue":"3","key":"6572_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2020.0333","volume":"8","author":"KE Lynch","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lynch KE, Viernes B, Schliep KC et al (2021) Variation in sexual orientation documentation in a national electronic health record system. LGBT Health 8(3):201\u2013208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2020.0333","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"6572_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocad039","volume":"30","author":"CG Streed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Streed CG, King D, Grasso C et al (2023) Validation of an administrative algorithm for transgender and gender diverse persons against self-report data in electronic health records. J Am Med Inform Assoc 30(6):1047\u20131055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocad039","journal-title":"J Am Med Inform Assoc"},{"issue":"0","key":"6572_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e036898","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.036898","volume":"0","author":"CG Streed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Streed CG, Duncan MS, Heier KR et al (2024) Prevalent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among veterans by sexual orientation. J Am Heart Assoc 0(0):e036898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.124.036898","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"6572_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Streed CG, Navarra M, Beach LB, Phillips G 2nd, Hackenberger PN, Jordan S (2024) Sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity data collection across electronic health record platforms: a national cross-sectional survey. JAMIA Open 7(4): ooae127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooae127","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooae127"},{"key":"6572_CR98","unstructured":"Wilson BDM, Gomez A-G, Sadat M, Choi SK, Badgett MVL (2020) Pathways into poverty: lived experiences among LGBTQ people. Available from: https:\/\/williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu\/publications\/pathways-into-poverty\/. Accessed: 17 Sep 2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.35.2.141","volume":"35","author":"MVL Badgett","year":"2021","unstructured":"Badgett MVL, Carpenter CS, Sansone D (2021) LGBTQ economics. J Econ Perspect 35(2):141\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/jep.35.2.141","journal-title":"J Econ Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"6572_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2023.0084","volume":"11","author":"L Haarmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haarmann L, Lieker E, Folkerts AK et al (2024) Higher risk of many physical health conditions in sexual minority men: comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis in gay- and bisexual-identified compared with heterosexual-identified men. LGBT Health 11(2):81\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2023.0084","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6572_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-024-05469-0","volume":"24","author":"CG Streed Jr","year":"2024","unstructured":"Streed CG Jr, Michals A, Quinn E et al (2024) Sexual and gender minority content in undergraduate medical education in the United States and Canada: current state and changes since 2011. BMC Med Educ 24(1):482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-024-05469-0","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"6572_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003703","volume":"96","author":"CG Streed Jr","year":"2021","unstructured":"Streed CG Jr, Lunn MR, Siegel J, Obedin-Maliver J (2021) Meeting the patient care, education, and research missions: academic medical centers must comprehensively address sexual and gender minority health. Acad Med 96(6):822\u2013827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003703","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"6572_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2020.101381","volume":"37","author":"JM Nagata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nagata JM, Murray SB, Compte EJ et al (2020) Community norms for the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) among transgender men and women. Eat Behav 37:101381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2020.101381","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"6572_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117118810246","volume":"33","author":"BA Caceres","year":"2019","unstructured":"Caceres BA, Makarem N, Hickey KT, Hughes TL (2019) Cardiovascular disease disparities in sexual minority adults: an examination of the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (2014\u20132016). Am J Health Promot 33(4):576\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0890117118810246","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"issue":"5","key":"6572_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2407068","volume":"391","author":"J Halem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Halem J, Manion J, Streed CG Jr (2024) A legacy of cruelty to sexual and gender minority groups. N Engl J Med 391(5):385\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp2407068","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06572-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06572-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06572-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T00:03:25Z","timestamp":1762560205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06572-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6572"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06572-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"LBB reports salary support from the National Cancer Institute (3P30CA060553), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA029076) and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL149866). MSD reports salary support from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (KL2TR001996). CS reports salary support from a Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Department of Medicine Career Investment Award, an American Heart Association career development grant (AHA 20CDA35320148), a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute career development grant (NHLBI 1K01HL151902-01A1) and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (2022061). ASR reports salary support from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 HL149866), National Eye Institute (R01 EY 036341) and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U01DA036939). AR is supported by the Weitzman Institute, Research Education Institute for Diverse Scholars (REIDS) Program at Yale University (funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, R25MH087217), Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and amfAR, the Foundation for AIDS Research.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"CS reports receiving consulting fees from Everlywell, L\u2019Oreal, the Texas Health Institute, the Research Institute for Gender Therapeutics and the US Department of Justice unrelated to this work. HLW is serving in their personal capacity. The other authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policies of the funders or institutions or any agencies of the US Government.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"All authors were responsible for drafting the article and reviewing it critically for important intellectual content. All authors approved the version to be published.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}