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Cardiac BRS, QTVI and HRV were measured and anthropometrical data and blood samples were collected from all study participants. Longitudinal HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      values from 3 months after type 1 diabetes diagnosis and continuous glucose monitoring data from the children with type 1 diabetes were also collected.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Time in normoglycaemia (TING) increased significantly from 42% to 48% between baseline and 2 year follow-up (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.042). No difference in BRS, QTVI or HRV were found between the study groups at baseline or follow-up. Children with type 1 diabetes with a BMI\n                      <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\n                      score \u22651 showed higher QTVI compared with either lean children with diabetes or healthy control children. QTVI correlated with type 1 diabetes duration, longitudinal HbA\n                      <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                      AUC and cystatin C in children with type 1 diabetes at baseline, and with CV at follow-up. (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u22120.447\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.004,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u22120.376\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.017,\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u2212323\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.048, and\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.568\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.01, respectively). There was also a correlation between the increase in TING between the study visits and BRS at follow-up in children with type 1 diabetes (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.524\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.031).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this well-regulated type 1 diabetes cohort we did not find manifest signs of CAN in children with type 1 diabetes. These are promising findings and should motivate further to keep striving for normoglycaemia in paediatric diabetes care. Children with both type 1 diabetes and overweight seem more susceptible to early development of CAN and might benefit from earlier and more intensive preventive targeting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06592-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T19:12:16Z","timestamp":1762888336000},"page":"480-490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Influence of glycaemic management and BMI on cardiac autonomic markers in children with type 1 diabetes: a prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4649-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebba","family":"Bergdahl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0266-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gun","family":"Forsander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Milkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3681-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frida","family":"Sundberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4632-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frida","family":"Dangardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"6592_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2022.108148","volume":"36","author":"K Mizokami-Stout","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mizokami-Stout K, Bailey R, Ang L et al (2022) Symptomatic diabetic autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes (T1D): findings from the T1D exchange. 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Accessed 30 May 2025"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06592-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06592-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06592-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T22:03:22Z","timestamp":1767823402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06592-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["6592"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06592-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors are very grateful to the participating children and families for their time and effort to be a part of this study. We would also like to extend a special thank you for the excellent support and analysis by G. Bodehed-Berg at the University of Gothenburg. We are also grateful for the support from T. Linn\u00e9r and others at the Paediatric Clinical Physiology department at the Queen Silvia Children\u2019s Hospital.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Acknowledgements"}},{"value":"The data that support these study findings are stored in a controlled database at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Data are not openly accessible but are available upon request to the corresponding author.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"Open access funding provided by University of Gothenburg. The study was funded by grants from the Swedish child diabetes foundation (Barndiabetesfonden), the Swedish Diabetes Foundation (Svenska Diabetesstiftelsen) and the Sahlgrenska University Foundations (SU-fonderna) SU-971860, as well as from the Swedish state through the ALF agreement, the agreement between the Swedish government and the country councils (ALFGBG-935282).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"FD and EB had full access to the data throughout the study. FD and GF conceptualised the study, LM and EB were responsible for inclusion and examination of study participants. EB compiled the data, performed the statistical analysis and wrote the first version of the manuscript. All co-authors took part in data interpretation and in reviewing and revising the manuscript. The final version of the manuscript has been read and approved by all co-authors. FD is the guarantor of the study and is responsible for data analysis accuracy and data integrity.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}