{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:14:31Z","timestamp":1792782871371,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010114","name":"Yrj\u00f6 Jahnssonin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013500","name":"Diabetestutkimuss\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001648","name":"European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001648","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["114666"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["114666"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["126813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["126813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["129492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["129492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["139391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["139391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["210632"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210632"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["250114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["250114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["276475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["276475"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["308066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308066"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["339922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["339922"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["63672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["63672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["68292"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["68292"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["79685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["79686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["79686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Research Council of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80846"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80846"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003125","name":"Suomen Kulttuurirahasto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Competitive Research Funding of the Turku and Oulu University Hospitals","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/045ney286","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"the Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004037","name":"Juho Vainion S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022690","name":"JDRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1-SRA-2016-342-M-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-SRA-2016-342-M-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022690","name":"JDRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1-SRA-2019-732-M-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-SRA-2019-732-M-B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022690","name":"JDRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3-SRA-2020-955-S-B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-SRA-2020-955-S-B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022690","name":"JDRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4-1998-274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-1998-274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022690","name":"JDRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4-1999-731"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-1999-731"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022690","name":"JDRF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4-2001-435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4-2001-435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9AA084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9AA084"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9AB083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9AB083"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9E082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9E082"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9F089"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9F089"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9G087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9G087"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9H092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9H092"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9J147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9J147"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9K149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9K149"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9L042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9L042"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9L117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9L117"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9M036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9M036"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9M114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9M114"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9N086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9N086"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9P057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9P057"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9R055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9R055"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9S074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9S074"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9T072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9T072"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9U065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9U065"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9V072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9V072"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital","award":["9X062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9X062"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hvt5f17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the European Union Biomed 2 Program","award":["BMH4-CT98-3314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMH4-CT98-3314"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Tampere University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033003e23","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims\/hypothesis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this prospective birth cohort study, we examined whether the dietary intake of A, B, C, D and E vitamins is associated with the risk of islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes in children who are genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on vitamin intakes in the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) cohort study were available for 5674 children born between September 1996 and September 2004 in Oulu University Hospital or Tampere University Hospital. Diet was assessed using 3-day food records at the age of 3 and 6 months, and annually from 1 to 6 years. The primary outcomes were: (1) islet autoimmunity defined as repeated positivity for islet cell autoantibodies and at least one out of three type 1 diabetes-related biochemical autoantibodies or a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes; and (2) a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the 6-year follow-up, 247 children (4.4%) developed islet autoimmunity and 94 (1.7%) developed type 1 diabetes. When adjusted for total energy intake, sex, HLA genotype and family history of diabetes, the intakes of retinol (HR 0.91; 95% credible interval [CrI] 0.86, 0.97 per 10 \u00b5g\/MJ increase in intake), vitamin C (HR 0.70; 95% CrI 0.54, 0.90 per 10 \u00b5g\/MJ) and vitamin E (HR 0.93; 95% CrI 0.89, 0.97 per 0.1 mg\/MJ) were associated with decreased risk of islet autoimmunity and also with the risk of type 1 diabetes (retinol: HR 0.83; 95% CrI 0.74, 0.96 per 10 \u00b5g\/MJ; vitamin C: HR 0.45; 95% CrI 0.23, 0.84 per 10 \u00b5g\/MJ; vitamin E: HR 0.89; 95% CrI 0.80, 0.99 per 0.1 mg\/MJ). The associations remained statistically significant after multiple testing correction for the risk of islet autoimmunity but not for type 1 diabetes. The association between retinol intake and islet autoimmunity risk was not significant when the 3-month age point, during which the child is primarily breastfed, was excluded. We observed a weak inverse association for vitamin D and islet autoimmunity, and no associations for B vitamins.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High intake of vitamin C and vitamin E was associated with a decreased risk of islet autoimmunity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06635-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T02:10:48Z","timestamp":1766110248000},"page":"917-929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Dietary intake of vitamins A, B, C, D and E and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in genetically at-risk children: a prospective study from the DIPP birth cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7829-9474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Mattila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peppi","family":"Haario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7115-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Hakola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna-Mari","family":"Takkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5782-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Essi J.","family":"Peltonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0334-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tuuli E.","family":"Korhonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suvi","family":"Ahonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9973-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorma","family":"Ilonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2228-334X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorma","family":"Toppari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0474-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikael","family":"Knip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6557-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riitta","family":"Veijola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2041-6241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sari","family":"Niinist\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suvi M.","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"6635_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30412-7","volume":"8","author":"JM Norris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Norris JM, Johnson RK, Stene LC (2020) Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 8(3):226\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30412-7","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"6635_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103633","volume":"72","author":"A-M Lampousi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lampousi A-M, Carlsson S, L\u00f6fvenborg JE (2021) Dietary factors and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. eBioMedicine 72:103633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103633","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"issue":"Suppl 22","key":"6635_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12341","volume":"17","author":"SM Virtanen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Virtanen SM (2016) Dietary factors in the development of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 17(Suppl 22):49\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12341","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"6635_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05077-4","volume":"63","author":"ME Miettinen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miettinen ME, Niinist\u00f6 S, Erlund I et al (2020) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in childhood and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the TRIGR nested case\u2013control ancillary study. Diabetologia 63(4):780\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-019-05077-4","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"6635_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0802","volume":"67","author":"JM Norris","year":"2018","unstructured":"Norris JM, Lee H-S, Frederiksen B et al (2018) Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of islet autoimmunity. Diabetes 67(1):146\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db17-0802","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"6635_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02094","volume":"104","author":"M M\u00e4kinen","year":"2019","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen M, L\u00f6yttyniemi E, Koskinen M et al (2019) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations at birth in children screened for HLA-DQB1 conferred risk for type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 104(6):2277\u20132285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2018-02094","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"6635_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3504","volume":"101","author":"M M\u00e4kinen","year":"2016","unstructured":"M\u00e4kinen M, Mykk\u00e4nen J, Koskinen M et al (2016) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in children progressing to autoimmunity and clinical type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101(2):723\u2013729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-3504","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9292","key":"6635_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06580-1","volume":"358","author":"E Hypp\u00f6nen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hypp\u00f6nen E, L\u00e4\u00e4r\u00e4 E, Reunanen A, J\u00e4rvelin MR, Virtanen SM (2001) Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet 358(9292):1500\u20131503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06580-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"6635_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.2.329","volume":"50","author":"TK Basu","year":"1989","unstructured":"Basu TK, Tze WJ, Leichter J (1989) Serum vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 50(2):329\u2013331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/50.2.329","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6635_CR10","first-page":"38","volume":"61","author":"M Krempf","year":"1991","unstructured":"Krempf M, Ranganathan S, Ritz P, Morin M, Charbonnel B (1991) Plasma vitamin A and E in type 1 (insulin-dependent) and type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) adult diabetic patients. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 61(1):38\u201342","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"6635_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.5.1216","volume":"137","author":"SJ Zunino","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zunino SJ, Storms DH, Stephensen CB (2007) Diets rich in polyphenols and vitamin A inhibit the development of type I autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. J Nutr 137(5):1216\u20131221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jn\/137.5.1216","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"6635_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05028-z","volume":"63","author":"M Mattila","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mattila M, Erlund I, Lee H-S et al (2020) Plasma ascorbic acid and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the TEDDY study. Diabetologia 63(2):278\u2013286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-019-05028-z","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"6635_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1988.tb112770.x","volume":"148","author":"C Glatthaar","year":"1988","unstructured":"Glatthaar C, Whittall DE, Welborn TA et al (1988) Diabetes in Western Australian children: descriptive epidemiology. Med J Aust 148(3):117\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1988.tb112770.x","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"1","key":"6635_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1999.00416.x","volume":"245","author":"P Knekt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Knekt P, Reunanen A, Marniemi J, Leino A, Aromaa A (1999) Low vitamin E status is a potential risk factor for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med 245(1):99\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2796.1999.00416.x","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"6635_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2005.18.12.1409","volume":"18","author":"L Uusitalo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Uusitalo L, Knip M, Kenward MG et al (2005) Serum \u03b1-tocopherol concentrations and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study in siblings of affected children. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 18(12):1409\u20131416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/jpem.2005.18.12.1409","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"6635_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-0959-2","volume":"51","author":"L Uusitalo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Uusitalo L, Nevalainen J, Niinist\u00f6 S et al (2008) Serum \u03b1- and \u03b3-tocopherol concentrations and risk of advanced beta cell autoimmunity in children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 51(5):773\u2013780. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-008-0959-2","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"18","key":"6635_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2000426","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202000426","volume":"64","author":"T Uebanso","year":"2020","unstructured":"Uebanso T, Shimohata T, Mawatari K, Takahashi A (2020) Functional roles of B-vitamins in the gut and gut microbiome. Mol Nutr Food Res 64(18):e2000426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.202000426","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"6635_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10061168","volume":"10","author":"KS Hossain","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hossain KS, Amarasena S, Mayengbam S (2022) B vitamins and their roles in gut health. Microorganisms 10(6):1168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10061168","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"4","key":"6635_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03346-6","volume":"63","author":"L Hakola","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hakola L, Mramba LK, Uusitalo U et al (2024) Intake of B vitamins and the risk of developing islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in the TEDDY study. Eur J Nutr 63(4):1329\u20131338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-024-03346-6","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"6635_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13085","volume":"21","author":"RK Johnson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnson RK, Vanderlinden LA, DeFelice BC et al (2020) Metabolomics-related nutrient patterns at seroconversion and risk of progression to type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 21(7):1202\u20131209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.13085","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"8","key":"6635_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.8.795","volume":"19","author":"J Ilonen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ilonen J, Reijonen H, Herva E et al (1996) Rapid HLA-DQB1 genotyping for four alleles in the assessment of risk for IDDM in the Finnish population. The Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group. Diabetes Care 19(8):795\u2013800. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.19.8.795","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"6635_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051616","volume":"44","author":"A Kupila","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kupila A, Muona P, Simell T et al (2001) Feasibility of genetic and immunological prediction of type I diabetes in a population-based birth cohort. Diabetologia 44(3):290\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001250051616","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"10","key":"6635_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4782","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7907","volume":"86","author":"T Kimpimaki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kimpimaki T, Kupila A, Hamalainen AM et al (2001) The first signs of \u03b2-cell autoimmunity appear in infancy in genetically susceptible children from the general population: the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86(10):4782\u20134788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7907","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"6635_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.018879","volume":"95","author":"SM Virtanen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Virtanen SM, Nevalainen J, Kronberg-Kippil\u00e4 C et al (2012) Food consumption and advanced \u03b2 cell autoimmunity in young children with HLA-conferred susceptibility to type 1 diabetes: a nested case-control design. Am J Clin Nutr 95(2):471\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.111.018879","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"6635_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.09.018","volume":"154","author":"SM Virtanen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Virtanen SM, Peltonen EJ, Hakola L et al (2024) Food consumption and risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children at increased genetic susceptibility for type 1 diabetes. J Nutr 154(11):3465\u20133474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.09.018","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"6635_CR26","unstructured":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (2020) Finnish food composition database: releases 1\u201320. Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland"},{"key":"6635_CR27","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids","author":"Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (2005) Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. National Academies Press, Washington DC"},{"issue":"12","key":"6635_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009005503","volume":"12","author":"S Schoen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schoen S, Sichert-Hellert W, Kersting M (2009) Validation of energy requirement equations for estimation of breast milk consumption in infants. Public Health Nutr 12(12):2309\u20132316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1368980009005503","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"6635_CR29","unstructured":"European Food Information Resource (2014) Report on recipe calculation procedures for composite foods. Available from https:\/\/www.eurofir.org\/report-on-collection-of-rules-on-use-of-recipe-calculation-procedures-including-the-use-of-yield-and-retention-factors-for-imputing-nutrient-values-for-composite-foods\/. Accessed 12 Oct 2023"},{"key":"6635_CR30","unstructured":"Bergstr\u00f6m L (1994) 32 Livsmedelsverket nutrient losses and gains. Available from https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/506045378\/Bergstroem-1994-32-Livsmedelsverket-Nutrient-Losses-and-Gains. Accessed 12 Oct 2023"},{"key":"6635_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x","volume":"450","author":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group","year":"2006","unstructured":"WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group (2006) WHO child growth standards based on length\/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr Suppl 450:76\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"key":"6635_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b12208","volume-title":"Joint models for longitudinal and time-to-event data: with applications in R","author":"D Rizopoulos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rizopoulos D (2012) Joint models for longitudinal and time-to-event data: with applications in R. Chapman and Hall\/CRC, New York"},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"6635_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","volume":"65","author":"WC Willett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH (1997) Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr 65(4 Suppl):1220S-1228S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/65.4.1220S","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"6635_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119067","volume":"98","author":"R Veijola","year":"1996","unstructured":"Veijola R, Reijonen H, V\u00e4h\u00e4salo P et al (1996) HLA-DQB1-defined genetic susceptibility, beta cell autoimmunity, and metabolic characteristics in familial and nonfamilial insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group. J Clin Invest 98(11):2489\u20132495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI119067","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"6635_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051573","volume":"44","author":"EA Gale","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gale EA, Gillespie KM (2001) Diabetes and gender. Diabetologia 44(1):3\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s001250051573","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"6635_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc B 57(1):289\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc B"},{"issue":"2","key":"6635_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-03035-2","volume":"62","author":"L Hakola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hakola L, Vuorinen A-L, Takkinen H-M et al (2023) Dietary fatty acid intake in childhood and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the DIPP birth cohort study. Eur J Nutr 62(2):847\u2013856. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00394-022-03035-2","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"6635_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-013-9416-2","volume":"24","author":"A Gelman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gelman A, Hwang J, Vehtari A (2014) Understanding predictive information criteria for Bayesian models. Stat Comput 24:997\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11222-013-9416-2","journal-title":"Stat Comput"},{"issue":"3","key":"6635_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00374.x","volume":"9","author":"L Uusitalo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Uusitalo L, Nevalainen J, Salminen I et al (2013) Fatty acids in serum and diet \u2013 a canonical correlation analysis among toddlers. Matern Child Nutr 9(3):381\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00374.x","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"6635_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101533","volume":"10","author":"M Prasad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prasad M, Takkinen H-M, Uusitalo L et al (2018) Carotenoid intake and serum concentration in young Finnish children and their relation with fruit and vegetable consumption. Nutrients 10(10):1533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu10101533","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"6635_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx191","volume":"187","author":"L Hakola","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hakola L, Takkinen H-M, Niinist\u00f6 S et al (2018) Infant feeding in relation to the risk of advanced islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children with increased genetic susceptibility: a cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 187(1):34\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwx191","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6635_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510005167","volume":"106","author":"M Erkkola","year":"2011","unstructured":"Erkkola M, Kytt\u00e4l\u00e4 P, Takkinen H-M et al (2011) Nutrient intake variability and number of days needed to assess intake in preschool children. Br J Nutr 106(1):130\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0007114510005167","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6635_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44196-1","volume":"9","author":"E Syrjala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Syrjala E, Nevalainen J, Peltonen J et al (2019) A joint modeling approach for childhood meat, fish and egg consumption and the risk of advanced islet autoimmunity. SciRep 9(1):7760\u20137761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-44196-1","journal-title":"SciRep"},{"issue":"9","key":"6635_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5093551","volume":"5","author":"J-Y Dong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dong J-Y, Zhang W-G, Chen JJ, Zhang Z-L, Han S-F, Qin L-Q (2013) Vitamin D intake and risk of type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients 5(9):3551\u20133562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu5093551","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"6635_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620941","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.620941","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Wang H, Zhou J et al (2021) Vitamin A and its multi-effects on pancreas: recent advances and prospects. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 12:620941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.620941","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"9","key":"6635_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v7.i9.177","volume":"7","author":"S Yosaee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yosaee S, Akbari Fakhrabadi M, Shidfar F (2016) Positive evidence for vitamin A role in prevention of type 1 diabetes. World J Diabetes 7(9):177\u2013188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v7.i9.177","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"6635_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0196570","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196570","volume":"13","author":"A Miki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miki A, Ricordi C, Sakuma Y et al (2018) Divergent antioxidant capacity of human islet cell subsets: a potential cause of beta-cell vulnerability in diabetes and islet transplantation. PLoS One 13(5):e0196570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0196570","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"6635_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.12.014","volume":"119","author":"M Mattila","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mattila M, Takkinen H-M, Peltonen EJ et al (2023) Fruit, berry, and vegetable consumption and the risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children \u2013 the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention birth cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 119(2):537\u2013545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.12.014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"6635_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2278-2","volume":"54","author":"M Simpson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Simpson M, Brady H, Yin X et al (2011) No association of vitamin D intake or 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in childhood with risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). Diabetologia 54(11):2779\u20132788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-011-2278-2","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"6635_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90174-2","volume":"11","author":"CK Chow","year":"1991","unstructured":"Chow CK (1991) Vitamin E and oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 11(2):215\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0891-5849(91)90174-2","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"6635_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112546","volume":"15","author":"A-M Lampousi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lampousi A-M, L\u00f6fvenborg JE, Ahlqvist E, Tuomi T, Wolk A, Carlsson S (2023) Antioxidant nutrients and risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and type 2 diabetes: a Swedish case\u2013control study and Mendelian randomization analysis. Nutrients 15(11):2546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15112546","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"6635_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602045","volume":"59","author":"M Erkkola","year":"2005","unstructured":"Erkkola M, Pigg H-M, Virta-Autio P et al (2005) Infant feeding patterns in the Finnish type I diabetes prediction and prevention nutrition study cohort. Eur J Clin Nutr 59(1):107\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602045","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"6635_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-3-22","volume":"3","author":"M Rasmussen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rasmussen M, Kr\u00f8lner R, Klepp K-I et al (2006) Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among children and adolescents: a review of the literature. Part I: quantitative studies. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 3:22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1479-5868-3-22","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06635-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06635-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06635-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T15:51:54Z","timestamp":1772553114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06635-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["6635"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06635-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"We are grateful to all families who participated in the DIPP study. An abstract of study results was presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of the Scandinavian Society for the Study of Diabetes in Oulu, Finland (May 2024).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Acknowledgements"}},{"value":"The data described in this manuscript and analysis codes may be made available upon request subject to ethical and legislative restrictions.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"Open access funding provided by Tampere University (including Tampere University Hospital). The DIPP Nutrition Study was supported by the Research Council of Finland (grants 63672, 68292, 79685, 79686, 80846, 114666, 126813, 129492, 139391, 201988, 210632, 250114, 276475, 308066 and 339922); a European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes award supported by the EFSD\/JDRF\/Lilly; the Finnish Cultural Foundation; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital (grants 9E082, 9F089, 9G087, 9H092, 9J147, 9K149, 9L042, 9L117, 9M036, 9M114, 9N086, 9P057, 9R055, 9S074, 9T072, 9U065, 9V072, 9X062, 9AA084, 9AB083, 9AC099, T63484 and T66994). The DIPP study overall has been supported by Competitive Research Funding of the Turku and Oulu University Hospitals; Breakthrough T1D (grants 4-1998-274, 4-1999-731, 4-2001-435, 1-SRA-2016-342-M-R, 1-SRA-2019-732-M-B and 3-SRA-2020-955-S-B); the Novo Nordisk Foundation; and the European Union Biomed\u00a02 Program (BMH4-CT98-3314). The funders had no role in designing the study, or in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the article for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"RV is a member of the Editorial Board of\n                      Diabetologia\n                      . The authors declare that there are no other relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"MM, PH, LH, EJP, SN and SMV designed the study; H-MT and EJP designed the statistical analyses and H-MT performed the statistical analyses; H-MT and TEK handled the food consumption data processing; SA supervised dietary data collection, processing and analyses; MM and PH drafted the first version of the manuscript. MM, LH and SMV drafted the final version of the manuscript; MM, PH, LH, SN and SMV interpreted the results; JI, JT and MK conceived and designed the DIPP study; MK and RV were responsible for the autoantibody analyses. All authors participated in drafting or revising of the manuscript and approved the final version to be published. The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet the authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted. SMV is the guarantor, and affirms that the manuscript is an honest, accurate and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contributor statement"}}]}}