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Individual data for clinical and immune correlations were extracted from the UK Biobank. We thank all investigators and authors for sharing these data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Acknowledgements"}},{"value":"Detailed single cell-eQTL MR data are available via the ESM\n                      \n                      files. The type 2 diabetes and diabetic complication GWAS summary statistics used in the analyses are freely accessible via the DIAGRAM website (\n                      \n                      ) and FinnGen R9 study (\n                      \n                      ), respectively. The GWAS summary statistics for the DICE eQTL can be downloaded via (\n                      \n                      ). The single-cell sequencing data for the study labelled DKD1 used in this research can be downloaded from\n                      \n                      . Other sequencing data are available for download from the GEO under the accession numbers DKD2 (GSE195460, GSE151302, and GSE131882), DR1 (GSE248284), DR2 (GSE165784 and GSE175499), DFU1 (GSE165816) and DFU2 (GSE223964). The data used to calculate gene expression levels across different cell types can be downloaded from GEO under the accession number GSE107011. The total of 123 genes in diabetic complications were searched as potential drug targets and compared with related trial studies in ClinicalTrials.gov, TTD: Therapeutic Target Database (\n                      \n                      ), Drugbank (\n                      \n                      ), ChEMBL (\n                      \n                      ) and Drug Gene Interaction database (\n                      \n                      ). The genetic instruments used in this study are publicly available for download from the sources summarised in ESM Table\n                      \n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"Custom code for the respective analyses is available at\n                      \n                      . R-code for performing TWMR analyses is available at\n                      \n                      . R-code for performing PC-GMM and MR-BMA analyses is available at\n                      \n                      .","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Code availability"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (grant no. 2021YFA1301103), National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 82570943, 82370810, 82372347 and 82200998), Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (grant no. 2023ZD0508402, 2023ZD0508401, 2023ZD0508403, 2023ZD0508901, 2023ZD0508902, 2024ZD0531500, 2024ZD0531502, 2023ZD0508906), Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai (grant no. 22Y31900300, 23Y11908400 and 23JS1400900), Clinical Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (grant no. 20224Y0087 and 20214Y0002), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC2505203), and Innovative research team of high-level local universities in Shanghai.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"JL, JZ, YB and WW conceived the study. JZ, YD, HL and LJ accessed and verified the underlying data. YD undertook the main MR and sensitivity MR analyses. JZ performed the analysis of UK Biobank (UKB) data and wrote relevant sections. HL performed single-cell transcriptome analysis. QY, SW, HL, ML, ZZ, TW, MX, YX and GN supported relevant analyses. YD wrote the first draft of the manuscript with critical comments and revision from all other authors. All authors contributed to manuscript revisions and approved the final version of the article. JL, JZ, GN, YB, and WW are the guarantors of this work and take responsibility for the accuracy of the data analysis.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}