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Data from the Mauritius NCD surveys are not freely available according to General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) due to the presence of individual data. However, pseudonymised data can be shared after ethical evaluation and formal request (\n                      \n                      ). Data from the ICMR\u2013INDIAB study are restricted due to national ethical and data protection constraints in India; however, raw data may be shared for non-commercial research purposes upon reasonable request to the original study investigators, subject to approval from the Research Ethics Board of the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and the Indian Council of Medical Research. NHANES data are publicly available at\n                      \n                      .","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}},{"value":"DJM and JES are supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Investigator Grants. SFS is supported by a Monash Graduate Scholarship and Monash International Tuition Scholarship. This article received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work. DJM is a member of the Editorial Board of Diabetologia and had no involvement in the peer review or editorial decision-making for this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities"}},{"value":"DJM and JES jointly conceived the idea of the study. SFS conducted the analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the conception, writing and review of this manuscript. All authors approved the final version to be published. DJM and JES are responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Contribution statement"}}]}}