{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:12:30Z","timestamp":1788444750592,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-026-06807-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T17:12:29Z","timestamp":1785604349000},"page":"2911-2921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic implications of hepatic, pancreatic and abdominal adipose tissue depots in Asian Indians across normoglycaemia, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Amerta","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koel","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surya Prakash","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irshad Ahmad","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lovely","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivam","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Suman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"6807_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e079801","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-079801","volume":"390","author":"A Misra","year":"2025","unstructured":"Misra A, Sattar N, Ghosh A, Nassar M, Jayawardena R, Gupta R (2025) Type 2 diabetes in South Asians. BMJ 390:e079801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2024-079801","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"6807_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2024.102989","volume":"19","author":"A Misra","year":"2025","unstructured":"Misra A, Vikram NK, Ghosh A et al (2025) Revised definition of obesity in Asian Indians living in India. Diabetes Metab Syndr 19(1):102989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2024.102989","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"6807_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103249","volume":"19","author":"N Sattar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sattar N, Misra A (2025) Adiposity at the core of the rising tide of young-onset type 2 diabetes worldwide. Diabetes Metab Syndr 19(5):103249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103249","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"6807_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Misra A, Anoop S, Sharma S (2025) Obesity, abdominal obesity, and adipose tissue depots in South Asians with specific reference to Asian Indians: implications of new obesity guidelines. J Clin Lipidol S1933-2874(25)00327-7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.06.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2025.06.012"},{"key":"6807_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.111997","volume":"221","author":"A Ramachandran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ramachandran A, Nanditha A, Tuomilehto J et al (2025) Call to action for clinicians in the South-East Asian regions on primary prevention of diabetes in people with prediabetes \u2013 a consensus statement. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 221:111997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.111997","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"6807_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8638","volume":"87","author":"A Seppala-Lindroos","year":"2002","unstructured":"Seppala-Lindroos A, Vehkavaara S, Hakkinen AM et al (2002) Fat accumulation in the liver is associated with defects in insulin suppression of glucose production and serum free fatty acids independent of obesity in normal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(7):3023\u20133028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8638","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"6807_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1722","volume":"96","author":"NJ van der Zijl","year":"2011","unstructured":"van der Zijl NJ, Goossens GH, Moors CC et al (2011) Ectopic fat storage in the pancreas, liver, and abdominal fat depots: impact on beta-cell function in individuals with impaired glucose metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(2):459\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-1722","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"6807_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0140447","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140447","volume":"10","author":"A Misra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Misra A, Anoop S, Gulati S, Mani K, Bhatt SP, Pandey RM (2015) Body fat patterning, hepatic fat and pancreatic volume of non-obese Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes in North India: a case\u2013control study. PLoS One 10(10):e0140447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0140447","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"6807_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.028","volume":"46","author":"A Gupta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gupta A, Anoop S, Ansari IA, Prakash S, Misra A (2021) High prevalence of hepatic steatosis and hepatic fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Nutr ESPEN 46:519\u2013526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.08.028","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"issue":"3","key":"6807_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103209","volume":"19","author":"A Misra","year":"2025","unstructured":"Misra A, Kumar A, Kuchay MS et al (2025) Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in adult Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr 19(3):103209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103209","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"6807_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S002","volume":"48","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee","year":"2025","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2025) 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes \u2013 2025. Diabetes Care 48(1 Suppl 1):S27\u2013S49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc25-S002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6807_CR12","first-page":"163","volume":"57","author":"A Misra","year":"2009","unstructured":"Misra A, Chowbey P, Makkar BM et al (2009) Consensus statement for diagnosis of obesity, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome for Asian Indians and recommendations for physical activity, medical and surgical management. J Assoc Physicians India 57:163\u2013170","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"issue":"1","key":"6807_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e49286","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049286","volume":"8","author":"P Nigam","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nigam P, Bhatt SP, Misra A, Vaidya M, Dasgupta J, Chadha DS (2013) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is closely associated with sub-clinical inflammation: a case\u2013control study on Asian Indians in North India. PLoS One 8(1):e49286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0049286","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"6807_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0142260","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142260","volume":"10","author":"SP Bhatt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bhatt SP, Misra A, Nigam P, Guleria R, Pasha MA (2015) Phenotype, body composition, and prediction equations (Indian fatty liver index) for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in non-diabetic Asian Indians: a case\u2013control study. PLoS One 10(11):e0142260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0142260","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"6807_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2267","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac138","volume":"107","author":"A Ghosh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghosh A, Dutta K, Bhatt SP et al (2022) Dapagliflozin improves body fat patterning, and hepatic and pancreatic fat in patients with type 2 diabetes in North India. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 107(6):e2267\u2013e2275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgac138","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"6807_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.3","volume":"11","author":"W Shen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shen W, Wang Z, Punyanita M et al (2003) Adipose tissue quantification by imaging methods: a proposed classification. Obes Res 11(1):5\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/oby.2003.3","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"6807_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00326-5","volume":"3","author":"N Sattar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sattar N, Gill JM (2015) Type 2 diabetes in migrant south Asians: mechanisms, mitigation, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 3(12):1004\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00326-5","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6807_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-025-01790-7","volume":"24","author":"P Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma P, Dilip TR, Sharma V, Kulkarni A (2025) Transition between prediabetic and diabetic stages in an urban community in India: a decade-long retrospective cohort study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 24(2):270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40200-025-01790-7","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"6807_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4746","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab160","volume":"106","author":"RB Goldberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goldberg RB, Tripputi MT, Boyko EJ et al (2021) Hepatic fat in participants with and without incident diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program outcome study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106(11):e4746\u2013e4765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab160","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"6807_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e250026","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.250026","volume":"317","author":"M Deng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Deng M, Li Z, Sun L et al (2025) Liver MRI-derived proton density fat fraction predicts diabetes risk in patients with obesity: a dose\u2013response study. Radiology 317(1):e250026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.250026","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"6807_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177154","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177154","volume":"12","author":"SD Heber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Heber SD, Hetterich H, Lorbeer R et al (2017) Pancreatic fat content by magnetic resonance imaging in subjects with prediabetes, diabetes, and controls from a general population without cardiovascular disease. PLoS One 12(5):e0177154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0177154","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"6807_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2019.05.027","volume":"75","author":"C Nadarajah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadarajah C, Fananapazir G, Cui E et al (2020) Association of pancreatic fat content with type II diabetes mellitus. Clin Radiol 75(1):51\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crad.2019.05.027","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6807_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0976","volume":"71","author":"L Skudder-Hill","year":"2022","unstructured":"Skudder-Hill L, Sequeira IR, Cho J, Ko J, Poppitt SD, Petrov MS (2022) Fat distribution within the pancreas according to diabetes status and insulin traits. Diabetes 71(6):1182\u20131192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db21-0976","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"6807_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332346","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1332346","volume":"12","author":"Q An","year":"2024","unstructured":"An Q, Zhang QH, Wang Y et al (2024) Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and body composition based on MRI fat fraction mapping. Front Public Health 12:1332346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1332346","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6807_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92004-w","volume":"15","author":"B Yuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuan B, Tao Z, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Chu Z, Ji Q (2025) Quantitative assessment of abdominal ectopic fat deposits in patients with different glucose tolerance by using mDixon Quant MRI. Sci Rep 15(1):7359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-92004-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"6807_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-025-02501-7","volume":"62","author":"H Qu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qu H, Zhou L, Tang D et al (2025) Relationship between liver fat, pancreatic fat, and new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Acta Diabetol 62(10):1725\u20131732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-025-02501-7","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6807_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4385-1","volume":"60","author":"F Gerst","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gerst F, Wagner R, Kaiser G et al (2017) Metabolic crosstalk between fatty pancreas and fatty liver: effects on local inflammation and insulin secretion. Diabetologia 60(11):2240\u20132251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-017-4385-1","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"6807_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-26018-9","volume":"15","author":"K Dutta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dutta K, Bhatt S, Ghosh A et al (2025) Independent effects of metformin and dapagliflozin on fetuin-A levels, hepatic and pancreatic fat, and hepatic fibrosis in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 15(1):42156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-26018-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"6807_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grover B, Misra A. Abdominal obesity and adipose tissuedepots: focus on intra-abdominal versus subcutaneous adipose tissue depots in Asian Indians. In: Mukhopadhyay S and Mondal S (eds) Metabolic syndrome: from mechanisms to interventions. Academic Press, London, pp 635\u2013645","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85732-1.00023-2"},{"issue":"2","key":"6807_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00648.x","volume":"5","author":"A Misra","year":"1997","unstructured":"Misra A, Garg A, Abate N, Peshock RM, Stray-Gundersen J, Grundy SM (1997) Relationship of anterior and posterior subcutaneous abdominal fat to insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic men. Obes Res 5(2):93\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00648.x","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"6807_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-025-01881-6","author":"A Ghosh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghosh A, Misra A (2025) From abdominal adiposity to liver fibrosis: expanding promise of semaglutide for Asian Indians. Indian J Gastroenterol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12664-025-01881-6","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6807_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-1319","volume":"48","author":"A Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar A, Kuchay MS, Ghosh A et al (2025) India-specific consensus on MASLD in type 2 diabetes: bridging global guidelines to local realities. Diabetes Care 48(11):e153\u2013e154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc25-1319","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06807-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06807-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06807-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:16:30Z","timestamp":1788441390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06807-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["6807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06807-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors would like to acknowledge Dr Harsh Mahajan, Chief Radiologist, Founder and Managing Director, Mahajan Imaging Centre, for his invaluable support in facilitating the MRI imaging and technical guidance for this study. We further thank all the individuals who participated in this study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Acknowledgements","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"Data will be available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author (who can be contacted at anoopmisra@gmail.com) following publication of the article and for a period of 5 years thereafter. Data will be made available to qualified researchers for academic and non-commercial research purposes. Requests should include a brief proposal outlining the intended analyses. Data will be shared in a de-identified format to protect participant confidentiality.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Funding","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"AG and AM disclose financial or business\/organisational interests in Boehringer Ingelheim, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Lupin India, Astra Zeneca India Pvt Ltd, USV India, Eli Lilly and Novo Nordisk. The remaining authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"AG conducted the study, collected data, drafted the manuscript, and provided critical revision. KD contributed to conducting the study, data collection and reviewing the article. SPB performed statistical analyses, interpreted the data, assisted in preparing tables and contributed to the discussion. IAA contributed to conducting the study and data collection, and assisted in preparing tables and figures. LG contributed to study coordination, assisted in writing the manuscript, and contributed to its revision. SP performed statistical analyses, interpreted the data, and contributed to the discussion. AS conducted MRI and performed MRI analysis and interpretation, and contributed to discussion. AM contributed to the study concept and design, reviewed and edited the manuscript, approved the final submission. He is the guarantor of this work, having full access to all study data and responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the data analysis. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Contribution statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}