{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:08:28Z","timestamp":1792782508963,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bern","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02k7v4d05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diabetologia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-026-06811-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T16:04:39Z","timestamp":1784995479000},"page":"3162-3174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Non-pharmacological treatment of MASLD"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8062-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Dufour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4562-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Berzigotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","volume":"77","author":"ZM Younossi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, Van Dongen C, Henry L (2023) The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology 77(4):1335\u20131347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32228","volume":"75","author":"JM Paik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paik JM, Kabbara K, Eberly KE, Younossi Y, Henry L, Younossi ZM (2022) Global burden of NAFLD and chronic liver disease among adolescents and young adults. Hepatology 75(5):1204\u20131217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.32228","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"6811_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06196-3","volume":"67","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver, European Association for the Study of D, European Association for the Study of Obesity","year":"2024","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver, European Association for the Study of D, European Association for the Study of Obesity (2024) EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): executive summary. Diabetologia 67(11):2375\u20132392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-024-06196-3","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"10431","key":"6811_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02750-2","volume":"403","author":"NCD Collaboration Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)","year":"2024","unstructured":"NCD Collaboration Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2024) Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 403(10431):1027\u20131050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02750-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-025-05321-1","volume":"50","author":"M Bluher","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bluher M (2025) Understanding the pathophysiology of obesity-the relevance of weight loss strategies through behavior modification. Herz 50(4):233\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00059-025-05321-1","journal-title":"Herz"},{"issue":"10531","key":"6811_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)02105-1","volume":"407","author":"MA Nauck","year":"2026","unstructured":"Nauck MA, Tuttle KR, Tschop MH, Bluher M (2026) Glucagon-like receptor agonists and next-generation incretin-based medications: metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal benefits. Lancet 407(10531):892\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)02105-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6811_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357664","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1357664","volume":"15","author":"S Shea","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shea S, Lionis C, Kite C et al (2024) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and coexisting depression, anxiety and\/or stress in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol 15:1357664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1357664","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.09.033","volume":"82","author":"S Ran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ran S, Zhang J, Tian F et al (2025) Association of metabolic signatures of air pollution with MASLD: observational and Mendelian randomization study. J Hepatol 82(4):560\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.09.033","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.12.026","volume":"84","author":"A Krag","year":"2026","unstructured":"Krag A, Tacke F, Israelsen M, Younossi ZM (2026) Is liver steatosis a disease or the emperor\u2019s new clothes? J Hepatol 84(5):993\u20131001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.12.026","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23621","volume":"115","author":"KL Donnelly","year":"2005","unstructured":"Donnelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, Jessurun J, Boldt MD, Parks EJ (2005) Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 115(5):1343\u20131351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI23621","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/s1262-3636(07)70061-7","volume":"29","author":"F Diraison","year":"2003","unstructured":"Diraison F, Moulin P, Beylot M (2003) Contribution of hepatic de novo lipogenesis and reesterification of plasma non esterified fatty acids to plasma triglyceride synthesis during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Metab 29(5):478\u2013485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1262-3636(07)70061-7","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"31","key":"6811_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705408104","volume":"104","author":"KF Petersen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petersen KF, Dufour S, Savage DB et al (2007) The role of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(31):12587\u201312594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0705408104","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"6811_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.038","volume":"134","author":"E Fabbrini","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fabbrini E, Mohammed BS, Magkos F, Korenblat KM, Patterson BW, Klein S (2008) Alterations in adipose tissue and hepatic lipid kinetics in obese men and women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 134(2):424\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.11.038","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41636","volume":"122","author":"F Benhamed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Benhamed F, Denechaud PD, Lemoine M et al (2012) The lipogenic transcription factor ChREBP dissociates hepatic steatosis from insulin resistance in mice and humans. J Clin Invest 122(6):2176\u20132194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI41636","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-70136-5","volume":"17","author":"Y Shi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Shi Y, Cheng KY, Thi TT et al (2026) GPR146 in adipose tissue drives adipose-liver crosstalk and promotes hepatic steatosis in mice. Nat Commun 17(1):3389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-026-70136-5","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"6811_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.05.044","volume":"149","author":"J du Plessis","year":"2015","unstructured":"du Plessis J, van Pelt J, Korf H et al (2015) Association of adipose tissue inflammation with histologic severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 149(3):635-648 e614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.05.044","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"6811_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17930","volume":"59","author":"SK Bansal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bansal SK, Bansal MB (2024) Pathogenesis of MASLD and MASH - role of insulin resistance and lipotoxicity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 59(Suppl 1):S10\u2013S22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.17930","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"6811_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01318-6","volume":"7","author":"H Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim H, Nelson P, Nzabarushimana E et al (2025) Multi-omic analysis reveals transkingdom gut dysbiosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Nat Metab 7(7):1476\u20131492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42255-025-01318-6","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"7484","key":"6811_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","volume":"505","author":"LA David","year":"2014","unstructured":"David LA, Maurice CF, Carmody RN et al (2014) Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome. Nature 505(7484):559\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12820","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G17","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00063.2019","volume":"317","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Camilleri M, Lyle BJ, Madsen KL, Sonnenburg J, Verbeke K, Wu GD (2019) Role for diet in normal gut barrier function: developing guidance within the framework of food-labeling regulations. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 317(1):G17\u2013G39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00063.2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71687","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202503607RR","volume":"40","author":"S Zhu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhu S, Zou M, Wu Q et al (2026) The gut-liver axis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: from mechanistic insights to precision therapeutics. FASEB J 40(6):e71687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.202503607RR","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"8","key":"6811_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332243","volume":"75","author":"A Osswald","year":"2025","unstructured":"Osswald A, Wortmann E, Wylensek D et al (2025) Secondary bile acid production by gut bacteria promotes Western diet-associated colorectal cancer. Gut 75(8):1505\u20131519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2024-332243","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"26","key":"6811_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11055","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.784322","volume":"292","author":"P Pathak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pathak P, Liu H, Boehme S et al (2017) Farnesoid X receptor induces Takeda G-protein receptor 5 cross-talk to regulate bile acid synthesis and hepatic metabolism. J Biol Chem 292(26):11055\u201311069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M117.784322","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70586","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70586","volume":"46","author":"JS Shi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Shi JS, Wen Y, Wang L et al (2026) An update on bile acid-regulated signalling in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Liver Int 46(4):e70586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/liv.70586","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.06.010","volume":"56","author":"C Thoma","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thoma C, Day CP, Trenell MI (2012) Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults: a systematic review. J Hepatol 56(1):255\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.06.010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"6811_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154455","volume":"115","author":"DA Koutoukidis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Koutoukidis DA, Koshiaris C, Henry JA et al (2021) The effect of the magnitude of weight loss on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 115:154455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154455","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"6811_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.3.603","volume":"54","author":"KF Petersen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Lehrke M, Hendler RE, Shulman GI (2005) Reversal of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia by moderate weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 54(3):603\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diabetes.54.3.603","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"6811_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.018","volume":"31","author":"A Al-Mrabeh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Mrabeh A, Zhyzhneuskaya SV, Peters C et al (2020) Hepatic lipoprotein export and remission of human type 2 diabetes after weight loss. Cell Metab 31(2):233\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"6811_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06428-0","volume":"68","author":"R Taylor","year":"2025","unstructured":"Taylor R (2025) Aetiology of type 2 diabetes: an experimental medicine odyssey. Diabetologia 68(7):1375\u20131389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-025-06428-0","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.11.026","volume":"21","author":"E Tsompanaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsompanaki E, Thanapirom K, Papatheodoridi M, Parikh P, Chotai de Lima Y, Tsochatzis EA (2023) Systematic review and meta-analysis: the role of diet in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 21(6):1462-1474 e1424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.11.026","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2017-00211","volume":"39","author":"RL Smith","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smith RL, Soeters MR, Wust RCI, Houtkooper RH (2018) Metabolic flexibility as an adaptation to energy resources and requirements in health and disease. Endocr Rev 39(4):489\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2017-00211","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"6811_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122509","volume":"14","author":"S Asghari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asghari S, Rezaei M, Rafraf M, Taghizadeh M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ebadi M (2022) Effects of calorie restricted diet on oxidative\/antioxidative status biomarkers and serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Nutrients 14(12):2509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14122509","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s44324-024-00022-5","volume":"2","author":"S Raza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raza S, Rajak S, Yen PM, Sinha RA (2024) Autophagy and hepatic lipid metabolism: mechanistic insight and therapeutic potential for MASLD. NPJ Metab Health Dis 2(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s44324-024-00022-5","journal-title":"NPJ Metab Health Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2020.0067","volume":"26","author":"TJ Hydes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hydes TJ, Ravi S, Loomba R, Gray ME (2020) Evidence-based clinical advice for nutrition and dietary weight loss strategies for the management of NAFLD and NASH. Clin Mol Hepatol 26(4):383\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3350\/cmh.2020.0067","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1942","volume":"39","author":"S Steven","year":"2016","unstructured":"Steven S, Hollingsworth KG, Al-Mrabeh A et al (2016) Very low-calorie diet and 6 months of weight stability in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological changes in responders and nonresponders. Diabetes Care 39(5):808\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-1942","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"6811_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.01.019","volume":"46","author":"W Shi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shi W, Suo X, Wang Y et al (2025) The associations between irregular breakfast and late-night snacking with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Clin Nutr 46:52\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.01.019","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"6811_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000476","volume":"135","author":"MP St-Onge","year":"2017","unstructured":"St-Onge MP, Ard J, Baskin ML et al (2017) Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 135(9):e96\u2013e121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000476","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.02.012","volume":"59","author":"MC Ryan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ryan MC, Itsiopoulos C, Thodis T et al (2013) The Mediterranean diet improves hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 59(1):138\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.02.012","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1983","volume":"90","author":"J Westerbacka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Westerbacka J, Lammi K, Hakkinen AM et al (2005) Dietary fat content modifies liver fat in overweight nondiabetic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(5):2804\u20132809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-1983","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"6811_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0071","volume":"41","author":"PK Luukkonen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luukkonen PK, Sadevirta S, Zhou Y et al (2018) Saturated fat is more metabolically harmful for the human liver than unsaturated fat or simple sugars. Diabetes Care 41(8):1732\u20131739. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc18-0071","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.030114","volume":"95","author":"H Bjermo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bjermo H, Iggman D, Kullberg J et al (2012) Effects of n-6 PUFAs compared with SFAs on liver fat, lipoproteins, and inflammation in abdominal obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 95(5):1003\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.111.030114","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx007","volume":"9","author":"ES George","year":"2018","unstructured":"George ES, Forsyth A, Itsiopoulos C et al (2018) Practical dietary recommendations for the prevention and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults. Adv Nutr 9(1):30\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/advances\/nmx007","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"11","key":"6811_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.10.008","volume":"35","author":"PK Luukkonen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luukkonen PK, Porthan K, Ahlholm N et al (2023) The PNPLA3 I148M variant increases ketogenesis and decreases hepatic de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial function in humans. Cell Metab 35(11):1887\u20131896.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.10.008","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.08.004","volume":"27","author":"HL Fang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fang HL, Lai JT, Lin WC (2008) Inhibitory effect of olive oil on fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in rat liver. Clin Nutr 27(6):900\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2008.08.004","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"6811_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.05.013","volume":"50","author":"SJ Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Cho SH, Yun JM (2025) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr 50:164\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2025.05.013","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.09.022","volume":"38","author":"J Ahn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahn J, Jun DW, Lee HY, Moon JH (2019) Critical appraisal for low-carbohydrate diet in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: review and meta-analyses. Clin Nutr 38(5):2023\u20132030. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.09.022","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"6811_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.11.030","volume":"121","author":"MN Thomsen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thomsen MN, Skytte MJ, Samkani A et al (2025) Replacing dietary carbohydrate with protein and fat improves lipoprotein subclass profile and liver fat in type 2 diabetes independent of body weight: evidence from 2 randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 121(2):224\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.11.030","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"13","key":"6811_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7347","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922344117","volume":"117","author":"PK Luukkonen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Luukkonen PK, Dufour S, Lyu K et al (2020) Effect of a ketogenic diet on hepatic steatosis and hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 117(13):7347\u20137354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1922344117","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"6811_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.022533","volume":"95","author":"M Maersk","year":"2012","unstructured":"Maersk M, Belza A, Stodkilde-Jorgensen H et al (2012) Sucrose-sweetened beverages increase fat storage in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat depot: a 6-mo randomized intervention study. Am J Clin Nutr 95(2):283\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.111.022533","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.02.027","volume":"75","author":"B Geidl-Flueck","year":"2021","unstructured":"Geidl-Flueck B, Hochuli M, Nemeth A et al (2021) Fructose- and sucrose- but not glucose-sweetened beverages promote hepatic de novo lipogenesis: a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol 75(1):46\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.02.027","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26299","volume":"57","author":"MB Vos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vos MB, Lavine JE (2013) Dietary fructose in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 57(6):2525\u20132531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.26299","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"6811_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101318","volume":"156","author":"RH Saarinen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Saarinen RH, Virtanen HE, Hantunen S, Salonen JT, Tuomainen TP, Virtanen JK (2026) Associations of fructose consumption with prevalence and incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-the kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study. J Nutr 156:101318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.101318","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"6811_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002998","volume":"4","author":"RH Lustig","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lustig RH (2013) Fructose: it\u2019s \u201calcohol without the buzz.\u201d Adv Nutr 4(2):226\u2013235. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/an.112.002998","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040631","volume":"17","author":"MF Faienza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Faienza MF, Baima J, Cecere V et al (2025) Fructose intake and unhealthy eating habits are associated with MASLD in pediatric obesity: a cross-sectional pilot study. Nutrients 17(4):631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17040631","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"6811_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.20579","volume":"321","author":"JB Schwimmer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schwimmer JB, Ugalde-Nicalo P, Welsh JA et al (2019) Effect of a low free sugar diet vs usual diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescent boys: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 321(3):256\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.20579","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.131797","volume":"57","author":"S Kechagias","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kechagias S, Ernersson A, Dahlqvist O et al (2008) Fast-food-based hyper-alimentation can induce rapid and profound elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase in healthy subjects. Gut 57(5):649\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2007.131797","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113804","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v32.i6.113804","volume":"32","author":"HY Yin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yin HY, You QH, Zhang WJ, Ji G, Dang YQ (2026) High-protein diets and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a double-edged sword in liver health. World J Gastroenterol 32(6):113804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v32.i6.113804","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6811_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.007","volume":"152","author":"M Markova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Markova M, Pivovarova O, Hornemann S et al (2017) Isocaloric diets high in animal or plant protein reduce liver fat and inflammation in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Gastroenterology 152(3):571-585 e578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.10.007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.015","volume":"68","author":"S Zelber-Sagi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zelber-Sagi S, Ivancovsky-Wajcman D, FlissIsakov N et al (2018) High red and processed meat consumption is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. J Hepatol 68(6):1239\u20131246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.01.015","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6811_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070667","volume":"9","author":"I Cantero","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cantero I, Abete I, Monreal JI, Martinez JA, Zulet MA (2017) Fruit fiber consumption specifically improves liver health status in obese subjects under energy restriction. Nutrients 9(7):667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9070667","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G419","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00026.2023","volume":"324","author":"JA Dranoff","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dranoff JA (2023) Coffee as chemoprotectant in fatty liver disease: caffeine-dependent and caffeine-independent effects. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 324(6):G419\u2013G421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00026.2023","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.11.030","volume":"38","author":"YP Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen YP, Lu FB, Hu YB, Xu LM, Zheng MH, Hu ED (2019) A systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of coffee dose and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Nutr 38(6):2552\u20132557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.11.030","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"6811_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093042","volume":"13","author":"M Ebadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ebadi M, Ip S, Bhanji RA, Montano-Loza AJ (2021) Effect of coffee consumption on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease incidence, prevalence and risk of significant liver fibrosis: systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients 13(9):3042. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13093042","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G488","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00179.2022","volume":"323","author":"G Kakiyama","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kakiyama G, Minowa K, Rodriguez-Agudo D et al (2022) Coffee modulates insulin-hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha-Cyp7b1 pathway and reduces oxysterol-driven liver toxicity in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 323(5):G488\u2013G500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.00179.2022","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"6811_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001584","volume":"117","author":"LA van Kleef","year":"2022","unstructured":"van Kleef LA, Hofman A, Voortman T, de Knegt RJ (2022) Objectively measured physical activity is inversely associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Gastroenterol 117(2):311\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001584","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31158","volume":"72","author":"D Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim D, Vazquez-Montesino LM, Li AA, Cholankeril G, Ahmed A (2020) Inadequate physical activity and sedentary behavior are independent predictors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 72(5):1556\u20131568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.31158","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"6811_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28132","volume":"63","author":"A Berzigotti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Berzigotti A, Saran U, Dufour JF (2016) Physical activity and liver diseases. Hepatology 63(3):1026\u20131040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.28132","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"6811_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.76","volume":"12","author":"A Safdar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Safdar A, Saleem A, Tarnopolsky MA (2016) The potential of endurance exercise-derived exosomes to treat metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol 12(9):504\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2016.76","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.017","volume":"62","author":"AC Piguet","year":"2015","unstructured":"Piguet AC, Saran U, Simillion C et al (2015) Regular exercise decreases liver tumors development in hepatocyte-specific PTEN-deficient mice independently of steatosis. J Hepatol 62(6):1296\u20131303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"6811_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.11.015","volume":"32","author":"J Stevanovic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stevanovic J, Beleza J, Coxito P, Ascensao A, Magalhaes J (2020) Physical exercise and liver \u201cfitness\u201d: role of mitochondrial function and epigenetics-related mechanisms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 32:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.11.015","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"6811_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07601-w","volume":"68","author":"K DiJoseph","year":"2023","unstructured":"DiJoseph K, Thorp A, Harrington A, Schmitz KH, Chinchilli VM, Stine JG (2023) Physical activity and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci 68(3):1051\u20131059. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-022-07601-w","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29968-0","volume":"13","author":"R Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng R, Wang L, Le S et al (2022) A randomized controlled trial for response of microbiome network to exercise and diet intervention in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Commun 13(1):2555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-022-29968-0","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-8278(97)80287-5","volume":"27","author":"T Ueno","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ueno T, Sugawara H, Sujaku K et al (1997) Therapeutic effects of restricted diet and exercise in obese patients with fatty liver. J Hepatol 27(1):103\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0168-8278(97)80287-5","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"6811_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27072941","volume":"27","author":"TM Lindstad","year":"2026","unstructured":"Lindstad TM, Pourteymour S, Lee-Odegard S, Drevon CA, Norheim FA (2026) Structured exercise interventions and hepatic-metabolic outcomes in adults with MASLD: a narrative review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Mol Sci 27(7):2941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms27072941","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30049","volume":"68","author":"G Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim G, Lee SE, Lee YB et al (2018) Relationship between relative skeletal muscle mass and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a 7-year longitudinal study. Hepatology 68(5):1755\u20131768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.30049","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.06.024","volume":"70","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2019","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver (2019) EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on nutrition in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 70(1):172\u2013193. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.06.024","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"6811_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bvae164","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae164","volume":"8","author":"GM Tinsley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tinsley GM, Heymsfield SB (2024) Fundamental body composition principles provide context for fat-free and skeletal muscle loss with GLP-1 RA treatments. J Endocr Soc 8(11):bvae164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvae164","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"6811_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00385-6","volume":"12","author":"ME Lean","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lean ME, Leslie WS, Barnes AC et al (2024) 5-year follow-up of the randomised Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT) of continued support for weight loss maintenance in the UK: an extension study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 12(4):233\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00385-6","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"23","key":"6811_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235053","volume":"14","author":"N Perez-Diaz-Del-Campo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Perez-Diaz-Del-Campo N, Castelnuovo G, Caviglia GP, Armandi A, Rosso C, Bugianesi E (2022) Role of circadian clock on the pathogenesis and lifestyle management in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients 14(23):5053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14235053","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"6811_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.12.004","volume":"38","author":"T Marjot","year":"2026","unstructured":"Marjot T, Smith K, Westcott F et al (2026) Human MASLD is a diurnal disease driven by multisystem insulin resistance and reduced insulin availability at night. Cell Metab 38(3):474-492 e476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.12.004","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"8","key":"6811_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-329998","volume":"72","author":"T Marjot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marjot T, Tomlinson JW, Hodson L, Ray DW (2023) Timing of energy intake and the therapeutic potential of intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating in NAFLD. Gut 72(8):1607\u20131619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-329998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"6811_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2025.102968","volume":"50","author":"K Pirahesh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pirahesh K, Zarrinnia A, Nikniaz L, Nikniaz Z (2025) Association between sleep duration and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med Rep 50:102968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2025.102968","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95336-9","volume":"15","author":"D Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang D, Zhang X, Cai Y, Dong H, Zhang Y (2025) Multidimensional sleep impairment predicts steatotic liver disease spectrum risk. Sci Rep 15(1):10405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-95336-9","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-025-06115-0","volume":"25","author":"F Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang F, Xue Y, Li W (2025) Exploring the impact of sleep duration and sleep disorders on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in older adults. BMC Geriatr 25(1):444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-025-06115-0","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6811_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-024-03017-0","volume":"28","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, Tan S (2024) Sleep factors were associated with a higher risk of MAFLD and significant fibrosis. Sleep Breath 28(3):1381\u20131391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11325-024-03017-0","journal-title":"Sleep Breath"},{"issue":"12","key":"6811_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002860","volume":"36","author":"C Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang C, Cao L, Xu B, Zhang W (2024) Interaction between trouble sleeping and diabetes on metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis in adults results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017\u20132018. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 36(12):1437\u20131446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002860","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"6811_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5242-x","volume":"63","author":"A Shetty","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shetty A, Hsu JW, Manka PP, Syn WK (2018) Role of the circadian clock in the metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 63(12):3187\u20133206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-018-5242-x","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"6811_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601786113","volume":"113","author":"EN Manoogian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manoogian EN, Panda S (2016) Circadian clock, nutrient quality, and eating pattern tune diurnal rhythms in the mitochondrial proteome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113(12):3127\u20133129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1601786113","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf59","volume":"111","author":"H Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu H, Wang W, Weng B et al (2025) Diurnal light exposure and rest-activity rhythms in relation to MASLD: insights from two nationwide cohort studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 111(5):1459\u20131469. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf59","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"6811_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.01.023","volume":"20","author":"MH Malespin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Malespin MH, Barritt AST, Watkins SE et al (2022) Weight loss and weight regain in usual clinical practice: results from the TARGET-NASH observational cohort. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 20(10):2393-2395 e2394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.01.023","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2019.10.001","volume":"49","author":"J Hernandez Roman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hernandez Roman J, Patel S (2020) Why do lifestyle recommendations fail in most patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? Gastroenterol Clin North Am 49(1):95\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gtc.2019.10.001","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"issue":"12","key":"6811_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23905","volume":"31","author":"EW Flanagan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Flanagan EW, Spann R, Berry SE et al (2023) New insights in the mechanisms of weight-loss maintenance: summary from a Pennington symposium. Obesity 31(12):2895\u20132908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/oby.23905","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2019.10.008","volume":"1","author":"K Hallsworth","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hallsworth K, Adams LA (2019) Lifestyle modification in NAFLD\/NASH: Facts and figures. JHEP Rep 1(6):468\u2013479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhepr.2019.10.008","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e84803","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.84803","volume":"17","author":"S Kravchuk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kravchuk S, Bychkov M, Kozyk M, Strubchevska O, Kozyk A (2025) Managing Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in the digital era: overcoming barriers to lifestyle change. Cureus 17(5):e84803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.84803","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.06.017","volume":"69","author":"P Tandon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tandon P, Ismond KP, Riess K et al (2018) Exercise in cirrhosis: translating evidence and experience to practice. J Hepatol 69(5):1164\u20131177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.06.017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"6811_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","volume":"81","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver, European Association for the Study of D, European Association for the Study of O","year":"2024","unstructured":"European Association for the Study of the Liver, European Association for the Study of D, European Association for the Study of O (2024) EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J Hepatol 81(3):492\u2013542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"6811_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-024-10663-9","volume":"18","author":"SE Keating","year":"2024","unstructured":"Keating SE, Chawla Y, De A, George ES (2024) Lifestyle intervention for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a 24-h integrated behavior perspective. Hepatol Int 18(Suppl 2):959\u2013976. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12072-024-10663-9","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"6811_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028395","volume":"384","author":"PN Newsome","year":"2021","unstructured":"Newsome PN, Buchholtz K, Cusi K et al (2021) A placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneous semaglutide in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 384(12):1113\u20131124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2028395","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"6811_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3624","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03283-1","volume":"30","author":"V Raverdy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raverdy V, Tavaglione F, Chatelain E et al (2024) Data-driven cluster analysis identifies distinct types of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Nat Med 30(12):3624\u20133633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03283-1","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02515-8","volume":"24","author":"X Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma X, Ding L, Li S et al (2025) Druggable genome-wide Mendelian randomization identifies therapeutic targets for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Lipids Health Dis 24(1):113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12944-025-02515-8","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"6811_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03284-0","volume":"30","author":"O Jamialahmadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jamialahmadi O, De Vincentis A, Tavaglione F et al (2024) Partitioned polygenic risk scores identify distinct types of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Nat Med 30(12):3614\u20133623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-03284-0","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"8010","key":"6811_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06877-w","volume":"629","author":"MoTr PACSG, Lead A, MoTr PACSG","year":"2024","unstructured":"MoTr PACSG, Lead A, MoTr PACSG (2024) Temporal dynamics of the multi-omic response to endurance exercise training. Nature 629(8010):174\u2013183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-023-06877-w","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-026-04711-7","volume":"26","author":"CR Hu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hu CR, Zeng CF, Li H et al (2026) Multi-omics analysis of the gut-liver axis revealed the effects of different exercise interventions in NAFLD mice. BMC Microbiol 26(1):254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-026-04711-7","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47763-8","volume":"9","author":"MI Johari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johari MI, Yusoff K, Haron J et al (2019) A randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness and adherence of modified alternate-day calorie restriction in improving activity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep 9(1):11232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-47763-8","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"6811_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e233513","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.3513","volume":"6","author":"X Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei X, Lin B, Huang Y et al (2023) Effects of time-restricted eating on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the TREATY-FLD randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 6(3):e233513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.3513","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.10.012","volume":"121","author":"X Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun X, Li F, Yan H et al (2025) Intermittent compared with continuous calorie restriction for treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 121(1):158\u2013166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.10.012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"6811_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439473","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1439473","volume":"11","author":"YY Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang YY, Tian F, Qian XL, Ying HM, Zhou ZF (2024) Effect of 5:2 intermittent fasting diet versus daily calorie restriction eating on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease-a randomized controlled trial. Front Nutr 11:1439473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2024.1439473","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.06.051","volume":"23","author":"HA Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee HA, Moon H, Kim Y, Lee JK, Lee HA, Kim HY (2025) Effects of intermittent calorie restriction in nondiabetic patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 23(1):114-123 e113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.06.051","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"6811_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.06.005","volume":"83","author":"JH Oh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Oh JH, Yoon EL, Park H et al (2025) Efficacy and safety of time-restricted eating in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. J Hepatol 83(6):1256\u20131265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2025.06.005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7020","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88393-7","volume":"15","author":"M Nilghaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nilghaz M, Sadeghi A, Koochakpoor G et al (2025) The efficacy of DASH combined with time-restricted feeding (16\/8) on metabolic associated fatty liver disease management: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 15(1):7020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-88393-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"6811_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88773-z","volume":"15","author":"M Shafiee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shafiee M, Sadeghi A, Ghafouri-Taleghani F et al (2025) Effects of time restricted feeding combined with Lacto Ovo vegetarian diet on metabolic associated fatty liver disease management: a randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 15(1):4463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-88773-z","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"6811_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3390\/life15050696","volume":"15","author":"T OzluKarahan","year":"2025","unstructured":"OzluKarahan T, Yilmaz Akyuz E, Yilmaz Karadag D, Yilmaz Y, Eren F (2025) Effects of intermittent fasting on liver steatosis and fibrosis, serum FGF-21 and autophagy markers in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Life 15(5):696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life15050696","journal-title":"Life"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06811-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06811-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06811-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:39:13Z","timestamp":1790771953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06811-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["6811"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06811-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"Both authors were responsible for drafting the article and reviewing it critically for important intellectual content. Both authors approved the version to be published.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Contribution statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}