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Studies of rotavirus vaccine and risk of type 1 diabetes have shown conflicting results. We took advantage of the rapid and high uptake of the rotavirus vaccine among infants in Norway as a natural experiment to study the potential association between rotavirus vaccination and type 1 diabetes incidence in Norway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cohort study, we followed all children born in Norway during 2007\u20132019 from 6 months to 5 years of age for type 1 diabetes. In an interrupted time series analysis, we compared type 1 diabetes incidence in children born before compared with after introduction of the rotavirus vaccination programme in September 2014.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 740,744 included children, 846 were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes between 6 months and 5 years of age. Our primary interrupted time series analysis showed an increasing trend after implementation of the rotavirus vaccination programme (relative HR 1.11 [95% CI 1.03, 1.20]), which was not significant after excluding birth cohorts from 2013\u20132015 to avoid potential herd immunity effects (relative HR 1.05 [95% CI 0.93, 1.18]). In a secondary analysis comparing fully vaccinated with non-vaccinated children, the adjusted HR was 1.17 (95% CI 0.78, 1.77).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions\/Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found no evidence for a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes after introduction of rotavirus vaccination in infancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-026-06832-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:10:49Z","timestamp":1787915449000},"page":"3559-3569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rotavirus vaccination and incidence of type 1 diabetes: a population-based natural experiment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4200-2015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"\u00d6stman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7826-8646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ketil","family":"St\u00f8rdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1770-1183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"German","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8434-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars C.","family":"Stene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"6832_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112277","volume":"225","author":"GD Ogle","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ogle GD, Wang F, Haynes A et al (2025) Global type 1 diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality estimates 2025: results from the International Diabetes Federation Atlas, 11th Edition, and the T1D Index Version 3.0. 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Accessed 15 January 2026"}],"container-title":["Diabetologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06832-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06832-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06832-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:53:47Z","timestamp":1793109227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06832-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-026-06832-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-186X","1432-0428"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-186X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-0428","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"We thank the HEDIMED Investigator group for their support of this research [\n                      \n                      ].","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Acknowledgements","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"Because of data protection legislation, the authors are not permitted to make data available to others. However, the same data can be made available to researchers by applying independently to the data owners. This requires submitting applications via\n                      \n                      (data from SSB) and\n                      \n                      (all other data; registries managed by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health). Acceptance requires approval from the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Norway and compliance with the EU General Data Protection Regulation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"Open access funding provided by University of Oslo (incl Oslo University Hospital). This project was funded by the Research council of Norway (Oslo, Norway) (project no. 271555\/F20) and the Medical Student Research Program at University of Oslo (Oslo, Norway), as well as from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 874864 (HEDIMED).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Funding","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"All authors contributed to the conception and design of the work. KS contributed to the acquisition of data. M\u00d6 performed the analyses with input from co-authors, and drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the interpretation of data and edited, reviewed and approved the final version to be published. M\u00d6 and KS are responsible for the integrity of this work as a whole.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Contribution statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}