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This manuscript used data managed by HPAP (\n                      \n                      ), which is part of a Human Islet Research Network (RRID:SCR_014393) consortium (UC4-DK112217, U01-DK123594, UC4-DK112232 and U01-DK123716).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Acknowledgements","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The single-cell RNA sequencing datasets analysed during the current study are available in the HPAP repository (\n                      \n                      ). All primary analytical pipelines, including preprocessing scripts and figure-oriented computational workflows, have been deposited in the public GitHub repository (\n                      \n                      ). Additional supporting data are available within the article and its ESM.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82130112, 62402089, U24A20789, 625B2035, 62402207), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (ZYGX2024Z011), the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province (2025ZNSFSC1465), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2023TQ0047, GZC20230380) and the Mindray Joint Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (LMRY26H180083). The funder played no role in study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, or the writing of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Funding","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"XX, H. Lyu and H. Lin contributed to the conception and design of the study. CW analysed the data. XL, YW and BL interpreted the results. XX wrote the manuscript. CL, FD and HY contributed to the data acquisition and project logistics. H. Lyu, H. Lin and HY reviewed and revised the manuscript. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version. H. Lin is the guarantor of this work and is responsible for its integrity and analytical accuracy. All authors contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Contribution statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}