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We thank J. A. Todd (University of Oxford, UK) and S. S. Rich (University of Virginia, USA) for making trans-ancestry type 1 diabetes GWAS summary statistics publicly available, a resource critical to this meta-analysis. We also thank the Type 1 Diabetes Knowledge Portal consortium, developed by the Broad Institute, University of Michigan, UC San Diego, and global collaborators for integrating and sharing genetic datasets for type 1 diabetes and related metabolic traits, which were essential for independent replication and validation of our findings.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Acknowledgements","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"Trans-ancestral type 1 diabetes GWAS summary statistics used in this study are publicly available via the NHGRI-EBI GWAS catalogue and the Type 1 Diabetes Knowledge Portal (\n                      \n                      ) for glycaemic trait associations. All original datasets generated in this study, including genotyping data, OGTT-derived metabolic trait measurements and RNA-seq data, are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request for non-commercial academic research purposes. Data will be shared after publication, subject to institutional review board approval and completion of a standard data transfer agreement, and will be maintained for a minimum of 5 years after publication.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data availability","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"This study was supported by the following funding sources: KX was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82370839, 81670715), the 7th Cohort of Jiangsu Provincial High-Level Talent Training Program and the 2025 Jiangsu Provincial Government Scholarship. MS was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82500994) and the Young Scholars Development Fund of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (PY202415). QF was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82570937) and the National Science and Technology Major Project on Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases (2023ZD0507000). Additional financial support was provided to DLE by the following funders: Breakthrough T1D (grants 3-SRA-2023-1379-S-B, 3-IND-2024-1549-I-X, 2-SRA-2024-1524-S-B), the FY23 Collaborative Advancement of Cures for T1D Initiative (IDDP; award no. 201310390), the Helmsley Charitable Trust (grants R-2207-05413 and R-2402-08172) and the Walloon Region (Win4Excellence grant, GT4Health project; agreement no. 2310145). MC acknowledges funding from the Walloon Region strategic axis FRFS-WELBIO and Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS)\u2013WEAVE.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Funding","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Authors\u2019 relationships and activities","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"KX conceived and designed the study, performed statistical analyses, oversaw overall project management and drafted the initial manuscript. QF contributed to study design. KW, YQ, JZ, LJ, WD and HC conducted experiments and carried out the laboratory measurements. SS, JD and XY performed part of the statistical analyses. MS and HD participated in overall project management and sample processing. TY provided Chinese type 1 diabetes GWAS summary statistics. DLE and MC curated islet-related literature and contributed to data interpretation. All authors critically revised the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication. KX is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","label":"Contribution statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}