{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:17:41Z","timestamp":1791357461099,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]],"date-time":"2004-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1086048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-004-0824-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,7]],"date-time":"2016-03-07T08:16:27Z","timestamp":1457338587000},"page":"841-851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Ethnicity and diagnostic patterns in veterans with psychoses"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Frederic C.","family":"Blow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Zeber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia","family":"Valenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leah","family":"Gillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Raymond","family":"Bingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"824_CR1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed.Washington, D. C.: American Psychiatric Association"},{"key":"824_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(97)85354-6","volume":"28","author":"Jablensky","year":"1997","unstructured":"Jablensky A (1997) The 100-year epidemiology of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 28(2\u20133):111\u2013125","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"824_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.135.3.243","volume":"135","author":"Brockington","year":"1979","unstructured":"Brockington IF, Kendell RE, Wainwright S, Hillier VF, Walker J (1979) The distinction between the affective psychoses and schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 135:243\u2013248","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.137.4.324","volume":"137","author":"Kendell","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kendell RE, Brockington IF (1980) The identification of disease entities and the relationship between schizophrenic and affective psychoses. Br J Psychiatry 137:324\u2013331","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR5","first-page":"S59","volume":"39","author":"Lapierre","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lapierre YD (1994) Schizophrenia and manic-depression: separate illnesses or a continuum? Can J Psychiatry 39(9 Suppl 2):S59\u2013S64","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02191797","volume":"245","author":"Compton","year":"1995","unstructured":"Compton WM, Guze SB (1995) The neo-Kraepelinian revolution in psychiatric diagnosis. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 245 (4\u20135):196\u2013201","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"824_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199801000-00004","volume":"186","author":"Chen","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chen YR, Swann AC, Johnson BA (1998) Stability of diagnosis in bipolar disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 186(1):17\u201323","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"824_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5288.740","volume":"274","author":"Murray","year":"1996","unstructured":"Murray CJ, Lopez AD (1996) Evidence-based health policy\u2014lessons from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Science 274(5288):740\u2013743","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"824_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-0979.2002.00233.x","volume":"11","author":"Pinikahana","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pinikahana J, Happell B, Hope J, Keks NA (2002) Quality of life in schizophrenia: a review of the literature from 1995 to 2000. Int J Ment Health Nurs 11(2):103\u2013111","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"824_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200017030-00005","volume":"17","author":"Voruganti","year":"2000","unstructured":"Voruganti LN, Awad AG, Oyewumi LK, Cortese L, Zirul S, Dhawan R (2000) Assessing health state utilities in schizophrenia. Pharmacoeconomics 17(3):273\u2013286","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"824_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2307\/2955424","volume":"38","author":"Link","year":"1997","unstructured":"Link BG, Struening EL, Rahav M, Phelan JC, Nuttbrock L (1997) On stigma and its consequences: evidence from a longitudinal study of men with dual diagnoses of mental illness and substance abuse. J Health Soc Behav 38(2):177\u2013190","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"824_CR12","first-page":"659","volume":"14","author":"Witztum","year":"1995","unstructured":"Witztum E, Margolin J, Bar-On R, Levy A (1995) Stigma, labelling and psychiatric misdiagnosis: origins and outcomes. Med Law 14(7\u20138):659\u2013669","journal-title":"Med Law"},{"key":"824_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.6120360238","volume":"36","author":"Bamgbose","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bamgbose O, Edwards D, Johnson S (1980) The effects of race and social class on clinical judgment. J Clin Psychol 36(2):605\u2013609","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"824_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(197504)31:2<267::AID-JCLP2270310220>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"31","author":"Watkins","year":"1975","unstructured":"Watkins BA, Cowan MA, Davis WE (1975) Differential diagnosis imbalance as a race-related phenomenon. J Clin Psychol 31(2):267\u2013268","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"824_CR15","first-page":"141","volume":"72","author":"Bell","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bell CC, Mehta H (1980) The misdiagnosis of black patients with manic depressive illness. J Natl Med Assoc 72:141\u2013145","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"824_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.12.1571","volume":"140","author":"Mukherjee","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mukherjee S, Shukla S, Woodle J, Rosen A, Olarte S (1983) Misdiagnosis of schizophrenia in bipolar patients: a multiethnic comparison. Am J Psychiatry 140(12):1571\u20131574","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.20.6.364","volume":"20","author":"Pavkov","year":"1989","unstructured":"Pavkov TW, Lewis DA, Lyons IS (1989) Psychiatric diagnosis and racial bias: an empirical investigation. Professional Psychology 20:364\u2013368","journal-title":"Professional Psychology"},{"key":"824_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199205000-00003","volume":"180","author":"Flaskerud","year":"1992","unstructured":"Flaskerud JH, Hu L-T (1992) Relationship of ethnicity to psychiatric diagnosis. J Nerv Ment Dis 180(5):296\u2013303","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"824_CR19","first-page":"27","volume":"45","author":"Adebimpe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Adebimpe VR (1994) Race, racism, and epidemiological surveys. Hosp Comm Psychiatry 45(1):27\u201331","journal-title":"Hosp Comm Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(96)00041-2","volume":"21","author":"Strakowski","year":"1996","unstructured":"Strakowski SM, Flaum M, Amador X, Bracha HS, Pandurangi AK, Robinson D, Tohen M (1996) Racial differences in the diagnosis of psychosis. Schizophr Res 21:17\u201324","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"824_CR21","first-page":"601","volume":"91","author":"Neighbors","year":"1999","unstructured":"Neighbors HW, Trierweiler SJ, Munday C, Thompson EE, Jackson JS, Binion VJ, Gomez J (1999) Psychiatric diagnosis of African Americans: diagnostic divergence in clinician-structured and semistructured interviewing conditions. J Natl Med Assoc 91 (11):601\u2013612","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"824_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","volume":"51","author":"Kessler","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen H-U, Kendler KS (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51(1):8\u201319","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790210031005","volume":"41","author":"Robins","year":"1984","unstructured":"Robins LN, Helzer JE, Weissman MM, Orvaschel H, Gruenberg E, Burke JD Jr, Regier DA (1984) Lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders in three sites. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41(10):949\u2013958","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.88.9.1396","volume":"88","author":"vander Stoep","year":"1998","unstructured":"vander Stoep A, Link B (1998) Social class, ethnicity, and mental illness: the importance of being more than earnest. AJPH 88(9):1396\u20131402","journal-title":"AJPH"},{"key":"824_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.166.6.759","volume":"166","author":"Aro","year":"1995","unstructured":"Aro S, Aro H, Keskimaki I (1995) Socio-economic mobility among patients with schizophrenia or major affective disorder:A 17-year retrospective follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 166(6):759\u2013767","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820140007001","volume":"50","author":"Regier","year":"1993","unstructured":"Regier DA, Narrow WE, Rae DS, Manderscheid RW, Locke BZ, Goodwin FK (1993) The de facto US mental and addictive disorders service system. Epidemiologic catchment area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50(2):85\u201394","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.5.2.134","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zhang AY, Snowden LR (1999) Ethnic characteristics of mental disorders in five US communities. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 5(2):134\u2013146","journal-title":"Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology"},{"key":"824_CR28","first-page":"360","volume":"58","author":"Antunes","year":"1974","unstructured":"Antunes G, Gordon C, Gaitz CM, Scott J (1974). Ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and the etiology of psychological distress. Sociol Soc Res 58(4):360\u2013368","journal-title":"Sociol Soc Res"},{"key":"824_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/16.4.591","volume":"16","author":"Torrey","year":"1990","unstructured":"Torrey EF, Bowler A (1990) Geographical distribution of insanity in America: Evidence for an urban factor. Schizophr Bull 16(4):591\u2013604","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"824_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s127-001-8196-3","volume":"36","author":"Samele","year":"2001","unstructured":"Samele C, van Os J, McKenzie K, Wright A, Gilvarry C, Manley C, Tattan R (2001) Does socioeconomic status predict course and outcome in patients with psychosis? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiology 36(12):573\u2013581","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiology"},{"key":"824_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I3","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200201001-00002","volume":"40","author":"Oddone","year":"2002","unstructured":"Oddone EZ, Petersen LA, Weinberger M, Freedman J, Kressin NR (2002) Contribution of the veterans health administration in understanding racial disparities in access and utilization of health care. Med Care 40(Suppl 1):I3\u2013I13","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"824_CR32","first-page":"61","volume":"37","author":"Menke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Menke TJ, Rabeneck L, Hartigan PM, Simberkoff MS, Wray NP (2000) Clinical and socioeconomic determinants of health care use among HIV-infected patients in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Inquiry 37(1):61\u201374","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"824_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199806000-00003","volume":"36","author":"Ashton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ashton CM, Petersen NJ, Wray NP, Yu HJ (1998) The Veterans Affairs medical care system: hospital and clinic utilization statistics for 1994. Med Care 36(6):793\u2013803","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"824_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/136346159803500303","volume":"35","author":"Jenkins","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jenkins JH (1998) Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders: integration and suppression of cultural evidence in DSM-IV. Transcultural Psychiatry 35(3):357\u2013376","journal-title":"Transcultural Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR35","first-page":"277","volume":"41","author":"Lefley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lefley HP (1990) Culture and chronic mental illness. Hosp Community Psychiatry 41(3):277\u2013286","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00115858","volume":"20","author":"Lewis-Fernandez","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lewis-Fernandez R (1996) Cultural formulation of psychiatric diagnosis. Cult Med Psychiatry 20(2):133\u2013144","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.3.1.23","volume":"3","author":"Weisman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Weisman AG (1997) Understanding cross-cultural prognostic variability for schizophrenia. Cult Divers Ment Health 3(1):23\u201335","journal-title":"Cult Divers Ment Health"},{"key":"824_CR38","first-page":"902","volume":"41","author":"Killian","year":"1990","unstructured":"Killian TM, Killian LT (1990) Sociological investigations of mental illness: a review. Hosp Community Psychiatry 41 (8):902\u2013911","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/00332747.1996.11024756","volume":"59","author":"Rogler","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rogler LH (1996) Framing research on culture in psychiatric diagnosis: the case of the DSM-IV. Psychiatry 59(2):145\u2013154","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR40","first-page":"61","volume":"37","author":"Jones","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jones BE, Gray BA (1986) Problems in diagnosing schizophrenia and affective disorders among blacks. Hosp Community Psychiatry 37(1):61\u201365","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v58n1010a","volume":"58","author":"Strakowski","year":"1997","unstructured":"Strakowski SM, Hawkins JM, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, West SA, Bourne ML, Sax KW, Tugrul KC (1997) The effects of race and information variance on disagreement between psychiatric emergency service and research diagnoses in first-episode psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry 58(10):457\u2013463","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.71.2.252","volume":"71","author":"Whaley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Whaley AL (2001) Cultural mistrust of white mental health clinicians among African Americans with severe mental illness. Am J Orthopsychiatry 71(2):252\u2013256","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR43","first-page":"185","volume":"74","author":"Adebimpe","year":"1982","unstructured":"Adebimpe VR, Hedlund JL, Cho DW, Wood JB (1982) Symptomatology of depression in black and white patients. J Natl Med Assoc 74(2):185\u2013190","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"824_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5801_8","volume":"58","author":"Hamberger","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hamberger KL, Hastings JE (1992) Racial differences on the MCMI in an outpatient clinical sample. J Pers Assess 58(1):90\u201395","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"824_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(198704)15:2<275::AID-JCOP2290150216>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"15","author":"Leaf","year":"1987","unstructured":"Leaf PJ, Bruce ML, Tischler GL, Holzer CE 3rd (1987) The relationship between demographic factors and attitudes toward mental health services. J Community Psychol 15(2):275\u2013284","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"key":"824_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.2027","volume":"158","author":"Wells","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wells K, Klap R, Koike A, Sherbourne C (2001) Ethnic disparities in unmet need for alcoholism, drug abuse, and mental health care. Am J Psychiatry 158:2027\u20132032","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700033122","volume":"25","author":"Gallo","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gallo JJ, Marino S, Ford D, Anthony JC (1995) Filters on the pathway to mental health care, II. Sociodemographic factors. Psychol Med 25(6):1149\u20131160","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"824_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00922616","volume":"12","author":"Neighbors","year":"1984","unstructured":"Neighbors HW, Jackson JS (1984) The use of informal and formal help: four patterns of illness behavior in the black community. Am J Community Psychol 12(6):629\u2013644","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"824_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(87)90046-3","volume":"24","author":"Sussman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Sussman LK, Robins LN, Earls F (1987) Treatment-seeking for depression by black and white Americans. Soc Sci Med 24(3):187\u2013196","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"824_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198402000-00002","volume":"172","author":"Roukema","year":"1984","unstructured":"Roukema R, Fadem B, James B, Rayford F (1984) Bipolar disorder in a low socioeconomic population. J Nerv Ment Dis 172(2):76\u201379","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"824_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s004060050064","volume":"249","author":"Caspari","year":"1999","unstructured":"Caspari D (1999) Cannabis and schizophrenia: results of a follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 249(1):45\u201349","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"824_CR52","first-page":"1041","volume":"40","author":"Drake","year":"1989","unstructured":"Drake RE, Wallach MA (1989) Substance abuse among the chronic mentally ill. Hosp Community Psychiatry 40(10):1041\u20131046","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00169-5","volume":"65","author":"Brown","year":"2001","unstructured":"Brown ES, Suppes T, Adinoff B, Rajan Thomas N (2001) Drug abuse and bipolar disorder: comorbidity or misdiagnosis? J Affect Disord 65(2):105\u2013115","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"824_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/002076409103700401","volume":"37","author":"Ineichen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ineichen B (1991) Schizophrenia in British Afro-Caribbeans: two debates confused? Int J Soc Psychiatry 37(4):227\u2013232","journal-title":"Int J Soc Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.61","volume":"55","author":"Herd","year":"1994","unstructured":"Herd D (1994) Predicting drinking problems among black and white men: results from a national survey. J Stud Alcohol 55:61\u201371","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"key":"824_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(99)00009-7","volume":"10","author":"Dawson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dawson DA (1998) Beyond black, white and Hispanic: race, ethnic origin and drinking patterns in the United States. J Subst Abuse 10(4):321\u2013339","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse"},{"key":"824_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004821118214","volume":"72","author":"Prigerson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Prigerson HG, Desai RA, Rosenheck RA (2001) Older adult patients with both psychiatric and substance abuse disorders: prevalence and health service use. Psychiatr Q 72(1):1\u201318","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"824_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00050-2","volume":"57","author":"Horton","year":"2000","unstructured":"Horton J, Compton W, Cottler LB (2000) Reliability of substance use disorder diagnoses among African-Americans and Caucasians. Drug Alcohol Depend 57(3):203\u2013209","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"824_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I1","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200201001-00001","volume":"40","author":"Demakis","year":"2002","unstructured":"Demakis JG (2002) Preface to variation in health care (editorial). Med Care 40(Suppl 1):I1\u2013I2","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"824_CR60","first-page":"Culture","volume":"Health","author":"US","year":"2001","unstructured":"US Surgeon General (2001) Mental Health: Culture, Race, and Ethnicity. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD","journal-title":"Mental"},{"key":"824_CR61","unstructured":"National Quality Research Center (2003) American Consumer Satisfaction Index. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI"},{"key":"824_CR62","unstructured":"Blow FC, McCarthy JF, Valenstein M, Zeber JE, Gillon L (2000) Care in the VHA for Veterans with Psychosis 1999. VHA Health Services Research & Development, Ann Arbor"},{"key":"824_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-002-0544-9","volume":"37","author":"Gureje","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gureje O (2002) Psychological disorders and symptoms in primary care. Association with disability and service use after 12 months. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 37(5):220\u2013224","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"824_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/23.2.239","volume":"23","author":"Ries","year":"1997","unstructured":"Ries RK, Comtois KA (1997) Illness severity and treatment services for dually diagnosed severely mentally ill outpatients. Schizophr Bull 23(2):239\u2013246","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"824_CR65","first-page":"769","volume":"48","author":"Nease","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nease DE, Volk RJ, Cass AR (1999) Does the severity of mood and anxiety symptoms predict health care utilization? J Fam Pract 48(10):769\u2013777","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"824_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/158.4.223","volume":"158","author":"Rosenheck","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rosenheck R, Massari L (1993) Wartime military service and utilization of VA health care services. Mil Med 158 (4):223\u2013228","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"824_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa7001_12","volume":"70","author":"Munley","year":"1998","unstructured":"Munley PH, Vacha-Haase T, Busby RM, Paul BD (1998) The MCMI-II and race. J Pers Assess 70(1):183\u2013189","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"824_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2002.02229.x","volume":"4","author":"Brown","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brown ES, Nejtek VA, Perantie DC, Bobadilla L (2002) Quetiapine in bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. Bipolar Disord 4(6):406\u2013411","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"824_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2000.020306.x","volume":"2","author":"Chengappa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chengappa KN, Levine J, Gershon S, Kupfer DJ (2000) Lifetime prevalence of substance or alcohol abuse and dependence among subjects with bipolar I and II disorders in a voluntary registry. Bipolar Disord 2(3 Pt 1):191\u2013195","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"824_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00025-2","volume":"20","author":"Strakowski","year":"2000","unstructured":"Strakowski SM, DelBello MP (2000) The co-occurrence of bipolar and substance use disorders. Clin Psychol Rev 20(2):191\u2013206","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"824_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(97)00087-1","volume":"18","author":"Frueh","year":"1998","unstructured":"Frueh BC, Brady KL, de Arellano MA (1998) Racial differences in combat-related PTSD: empirical findings and conceptual issues. Clin Psychol Rev 18(3):287\u2013305","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"824_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490090215","volume":"9","author":"Rosenheck","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rosenheck RA, Fontana A (1996) Race and outcome of treatment for veterans suffering from PTSD. J Trauma Stress 9(2):343\u2013351","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"824_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.6.3.235","volume":"6","author":"Ruef","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ruef AM, Litz BT, Schlenger WE (2000) Hispanic ethnicity and risk for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol 6(3):235\u2013251","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol"},{"key":"824_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/da.10068","volume":"16","author":"Frueh","year":"2002","unstructured":"Frueh BC, Hamner MB, Bernat JA, Turner SM, Keane TM, Arana GW (2002) Racial differences in psychotic symptoms among combat veterans with PTSD. Depress Anxiety 16(4):157\u2013161","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"824_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magruder KM, Frueh BC, Knapp RG, Johnson MR, Vaughan JA, Carson TC, Powell DA, Hebert R (in press) PTSD symptoms, demographic characteristics, and functional status among veterans treated in VA primary care clinics. J Trauma Stress","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOTS.0000038477.47249.c8"},{"key":"824_CR76","unstructured":"Magruder KM, Frueh BC, Knapp RG, Davis L, Hamner MB, Hebert R, Gold PB, Arana GW (under review) Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care clinics"},{"key":"824_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.6.583","volume":"282","author":"Cooper-Patrick","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cooper-Patrick L, Gallo JJ, Gonzales JJ, Vu HT, Powe NR, Nelson C, Ford DE (1999) Race, gender, and partnership in the patient-physician relationship. JAMA 282(6):583\u2013589","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"824_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.10.1817","volume":"160","author":"Copeland","year":"2003","unstructured":"Copeland LA, Zeber JE, Valenstein M, Blow FC (2003) Racial disparity in the use of atypical antipsychotic medications among veterans. Am J Psychiatry 160(10):1817\u20131822","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I117","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200201001-00013","volume":"40","author":"Harada","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harada ND, Damron-Rodriguez J, Villa VM, Washington DL, Dhanani S, Shon H, Chattapadhyay M, Fishbein H, Lee M, Makinodan T, et al. (2002) Veteran identity and race\/ethnicity: influences on VA outpatient care utilization. Med Care 40(Suppl 1):I117\u2013I128","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"824_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/106286060201700405","volume":"17","author":"Harada","year":"2002","unstructured":"Harada ND, Villa VM, Andersen R (2002) Satisfaction with VA and non-VA outpatient care among veterans. Am J Med Qual 17(4):155\u2013164","journal-title":"Am J Med Qual"},{"key":"824_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/106286069901400105","volume":"14","author":"Kazis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kazis LE, Ren XS, Lee A, Skinner K, Rogers W, Clark J, Miller DR (1999) Health status in VA patients: results from the Veterans Health Study. Am J Med Qual 14(1):28\u201338","journal-title":"Am J Med Qual"},{"key":"824_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915215","volume":"15","author":"Broman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Broman CL (1987) Race differences in professional help seeking. Am J Community Psychol 15(4):473\u2013489","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"key":"824_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.5.805","volume":"91","author":"Diala","year":"2001","unstructured":"Diala CC, Muntaner C, Walrath C, Nickerson K, LaVeist T, Leaf P (2001) Racial\/ethnic differences in attitudes toward seeking professional mental health services. Am J Public Health 91(5):805\u2013807","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"824_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199412000-00002","volume":"182","author":"Rosenheck","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rosenheck R, Fontana A (1994) Utilization of mental health services by minority veterans of the Vietnam era. J Nerv Ment Dis 182(12):685\u2013691","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"824_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/167.3.235","volume":"167","author":"Washington","year":"2002","unstructured":"Washington DL, Harada ND, Villa VM, Damron-Rodriguez J, Dhanani S, Shon H, Makinodan T (2002) Racial variations in Department of Veterans Affairs ambulatory care use and unmet health care needs. Mil Med 167(3):235\u2013241","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"824_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02287807","volume":"27","author":"Hoff","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hoff RA, Rosenheck RA (2000) Cross-system service use among psychiatric patients: data from the Department of Veterans Affairs. J Behav Health Serv Res 27(1):98\u2013106","journal-title":"J Behav Health Serv Res"},{"key":"824_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/13557859998029","volume":"4","author":"Anand","year":"1999","unstructured":"Anand SS (1999) Using ethnicity as a classification variable in health research: perpetuating the myth of biological determinism, serving socio-political agendas, or making valuable contributions to medical sciences? Ethn Health 4(4):241\u2013244","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"824_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2190\/672J-1PPF-K6QT-9N7U","volume":"30","author":"Krieger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Krieger N (2000) Refiguring \u201crace\u201d: epidemiology, racialized biology, and biological expressions of race relations. Int J Health Serv 30(1):211\u2013216","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"key":"824_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.7.1049","volume":"91","author":"Oppenheimer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oppenheimer GM (2001) Paradigm lost: race, ethnicity, and the search for a new population taxonomy. Am J Public Health 91(7):1049\u20131055","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"824_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.10.1734","volume":"93","author":"Kressin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kressin NR, Chang B-H, Hendricks A, Kazis LE (2003) Agreement between administrative data and patients\u2019 self-reports of race\/ethnicity. Am J Public Health 93(10):1734\u20131739","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"824_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008430","volume":"29","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hutchinson G, Takei N, Sham P, Harvey I, Murray RM (1999) Factor analysis of symptoms in schizophrenia: differences between White and Caribbean patients in Camberwell. Psychol Med 29(3):607\u2013612","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"824_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033496","volume":"26","author":"Weisman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Weisman AG, Lopez SR, Ventura J, Nuechterlein KH, Goldstein MJ, Hwang S (2000) A comparison of psychiatric symptoms between Anglo-Americans and Mexican-Americans with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 26(4):817\u2013824","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"824_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/23.2.305","volume":"23","author":"Brekke","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brekke JS, Barrio C (1997) Cross-ethnic symptom differences in schizophrenia: the influence of culture and minority status. Schizophr Bull 23(2):305\u2013316","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"824_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/14.2.91","volume":"14","author":"Kutchins","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kutchins H, Kirk SA (1989) DSM-III-R: the conflict over new psychiatric diagnoses. Health Soc Work 14(2):91\u2013101","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"key":"824_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.2190\/1C4D-B7XT-BLLY-WH4X","volume":"28","author":"Cooksey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cooksey EC, Brown P (1998) Spinning on its axes: DSM and the social construction of psychiatric diagnosis. Int J Health Serv 28(3):525\u2013554","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"key":"824_CR96","first-page":"259","volume":"11","author":"Sarbin","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sarbin TR (1990) Toward the obsolescence of the schizophrenia hypothesis. J Mind Behav 11(3\u20134):259\u2013284","journal-title":"J Mind Behav"},{"key":"824_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.6.770","volume":"142","author":"Westermeyer","year":"1985","unstructured":"Westermeyer J (1985) Psychiatric diagnosis across cultural boundaries. Am J Psychiatry 142(7):798\u2013805","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(88)90036-3","volume":"130","author":"Jampala","year":"1988","unstructured":"Jampala V, Chowdry S, Taylor MA (1988) The use of DSM-III in the United States: a case of not going by the book. Compr Psychiatry 130:39\u201347","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/136346159803500304","volume":"35","author":"Manson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Manson SM, Kleinman A (1998) DSM-IV, culture and mood disorders: a clinical reflection on recent progress. Transcultural Psychiatry 35(3):377\u2013386","journal-title":"Transcultural Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00755677","volume":"25","author":"Neighbors","year":"1989","unstructured":"Neighbors HW, Jackson JS, Campbell L, Williams D (1989) The influence of racial factors on psychiatric diagnosis: A review and suggestions for research. Community Ment Health J 25(4):301\u2013311","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"824_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.4.555","volume":"152","author":"Rosenheck","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rosenheck R, Fontana A, Cottrol C (1995) Effect of clinician-veteran racial pairing in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 152(4):555\u2013563","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"824_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.967101511.x","volume":"96","author":"Sterling","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sterling RC, Gottheil E, Weinstein SP, Serota R (2001) The effect of therapist\/patient race- and sex-matching in individual treatment. Addiction 96(7):1015\u20131022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"824_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.53.7.823","volume":"53","author":"Mathews","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mathews CA, Glidden D, Hargreaves WA (2002) The effect on diagnostic rates of assigning patients to ethnically focused inpatient psychiatric units. Psychiatr Serv 53(7):823\u2013829","journal-title":"Psychiatr Serv"},{"key":"824_CR104","first-page":"139","volume":"22","author":"Zuvekas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zuvekas SH, Taliaferro GS (2003) Pathways to access: health insurance, the health care delivery system, and racial\/ethnic disparities, 1996\u20131999. Med Care 22(2):139\u2013153","journal-title":"Med Care"}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-004-0824-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-004-0824-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-004-0824-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,5]],"date-time":"2019-09-05T08:37:43Z","timestamp":1567672663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-004-0824-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}},"alternative-id":["824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-004-0824-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7954","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]]}}}