{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:17:27Z","timestamp":1780100247129,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]],"date-time":"2012-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1352332800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0615-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]],"date-time":"2012-11-07T14:43:21Z","timestamp":1352299401000},"page":"895-905","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Trauma and conditional risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in two American Indian reservation communities"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"name":"The AI-SUPERPFP Team","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janette","family":"Beals","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annjeanette","family":"Belcourt-Dittloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Garroutte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Calvin","family":"Croy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lori L.","family":"Jervis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy Rumbaugh","family":"Whitesell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spero M.","family":"Manson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"615_CR1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV)","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC"},{"key":"615_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.7.626","volume":"55","author":"N Breslau","year":"1998","unstructured":"Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P (1998) Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55:626\u2013632","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","volume":"52","author":"RC Kessler","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB (1995) Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:1048\u20131060","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095305","volume":"2","author":"TM Keane","year":"2006","unstructured":"Keane TM, Marshall AD, Taft CT (2006) Posttraumatic stress disorder: etiology, epidemiology, and treatment outcome. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2:161\u2013197","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"615_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-004-0870-1","volume":"39","author":"A McFarlane","year":"2004","unstructured":"McFarlane A (2004) The contribution of epidemiology to the study of traumatic stress. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 39:874\u2013882","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"615_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.054171","volume":"95","author":"SM Manson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Manson SM, Beals J, Klein S, Croy CD, the AI-SUPERPFP Team (2005) The social epidemiology of trauma in two American Indian reservation populations. Am J Public Health 95:851\u2013859","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"615_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.11.1582","volume":"154","author":"RW Robin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Robin RW, Chester B, Rasmussen JK, Jaranson JM, Goldman D (1997) Prevalence and characteristics of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a southwestern American Indian community. Am J Psychiatry 154:1582\u20131588","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR8","volume-title":"Trends in Indian health: 2002\u20132003","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2010","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services (2010) Trends in Indian health: 2002\u20132003. Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville"},{"key":"615_CR9","volume-title":"American Indians and crime","author":"Bureau of Justice Statistics","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics (2004) American Indians and crime. US Department of Justice, Washington, DC"},{"key":"615_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025347130953","volume":"27","author":"J Beals","year":"2003","unstructured":"Beals J, Manson SM, Mitchell CM, Spicer P, the AI-SUPERPFP Team (2003) Cultural specificity and comparison in psychiatric epidemiology: walking the tightrope in American Indian research. Cult Med Psychiatry 27:259\u2013289","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.1.99","volume":"62","author":"J Beals","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beals J, Manson SM, Whitesell NR, Spicer P, Novins DK, Mitchell CM, for the AI-SUPERPFP Team (2005) Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders and attendant help-seeking in 2 American Indian reservation populations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:99\u2013108","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Walters EE (2005) Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:593\u2013602","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Walters EE (2005) Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:617\u2013627","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002","volume":"51","author":"RC Kessler","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen H-U, Kendler KS (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:8\u201319","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR15","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R, version NP","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"1987","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Williams J, Gibbon M (1987) Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R, version NP. New York Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department, New York"},{"key":"615_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.9.1723","volume":"162","author":"J Beals","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beals J, Novins DK, Whitesell NR, Spicer P, Mitchell CM, Manson SM, the AI-SUPERPFP Team (2005) Prevalence of mental disorders and utilization of mental health services in two American Indian reservation populations: mental health disparities in a national context. Am J Psychiatry 162:1723\u20131732","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001612","volume":"34","author":"N Breslau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Breslau N, Peterson EL, Poisson LM, Schultz LR, Lucia VC (2004) Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: lifetime perspective and the impact of typical events. Psychol Med 34:889\u2013898","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"615_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.64.5.856","volume":"64","author":"IM Norton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Norton IM, Manson SM (1996) Research in American Indian and Alaska Native communities: navigating the cultural universe of values and process. J Consult Clin Psychol 64:856\u2013860","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"615_CR19","volume-title":"Matsunaga Vietnam Veterans Project","author":"National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the National Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research","year":"1996","unstructured":"National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the National Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research (1996) Matsunaga Vietnam Veterans Project. National Center for PTSD, White River Junction"},{"key":"615_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.2307\/2137325","volume":"36","author":"RJ Turner","year":"2002","unstructured":"Turner RJ, Lloyd DA (2002) Lifetime traumas and mental health: the significance of cumulative adversity. J Health Soc Behav 36:360\u2013376","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"615_CR21","unstructured":"World Health Organization (1990) Composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI), version 1.0. Work Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland"},{"key":"615_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050026","volume":"33","author":"G Andrews","year":"1998","unstructured":"Andrews G, Peters L (1998) The psychometric properties of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 33:80\u201388","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"615_CR23","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc. (2008) SAS language. 9.2 edn. SAS Institute, Cary"},{"key":"615_CR24","unstructured":"SPSS (2010) IBM SPSS statistics. 19.0 edn. IBM, Somers"},{"key":"615_CR25","unstructured":"Stata (2010) Stata Statistical Software. 10.1 edn. Stata Corporation, College Station, TX"},{"key":"615_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838009334448","volume":"10","author":"N Breslau","year":"2009","unstructured":"Breslau N (2009) The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other posttrauma disorders. Trauma Violence Abuse 10:198\u2013210","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"key":"615_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799008612","volume":"29","author":"N Breslau","year":"1999","unstructured":"Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Peterson EL, Lucia VC (1999) Vulnerability to assaultive violence, further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychol Med 29:813\u2013821","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"615_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.9.1713","volume":"162","author":"J Beals","year":"2005","unstructured":"Beals J, Manson SM, Whitesell NR, Mitchell CM, Novins DK, Simpson S, Spicer P, the AI-SUPERPFP Team (2005) Prevalence of Major Depressive Episode in two American Indian reservation populations: unexpected findings with a structured interview. Am J Psychiatry 162:1713\u20131722","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00253-3","volume":"69","author":"CM Mitchell","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mitchell CM, Beals J, Novins DK, Spicer P, the AI-SUPERPFP Team (2003) Drug use among two American Indian populations: prevalence of lifetime use and DSM-IV substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 69:29\u201341","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"615_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000095864.45755.53","volume":"27","author":"P Spicer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spicer P, Beals J, Mitchell CM, Novins DK, Croy CD, Manson SM, the AI-SUPERPFP Team (2003) The prevalence of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence in two American Indian populations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 27:1785\u20131797","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"615_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1037\/10555-010","volume-title":"Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: issues, research, and clinical applications","author":"SM Manson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Manson SM, Beals J, O\u2019Nell TD, Piasecki J, Bechtold DW, Keane E, Jones M (1996) Wounded spirits, ailing hearts: PTSD and related disorders among American Indians. In: Marsella AJ, Friedman MJ, Gerrity ET, Scurfield RM (eds) Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: issues, research, and clinical applications. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 255\u2013284"},{"key":"615_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00117089","volume":"20","author":"SM Manson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Manson SM (1996) The wounded spirit: a cultural formulation of post-traumatic stress disorder. Cult Med Psychiatry 20:489\u2013498","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1525\/eth.1999.27.4.441","volume":"27","author":"TD O\u2019Nell","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019Nell TD (2000) \u201cComing home\u201d among Northern Plains Vietnam veterans: psychological transformations in pragmatic perspective. Ethos 27:441\u2013465","journal-title":"Ethos"},{"key":"615_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.164.1.82","volume":"164","author":"M Sijbrandij","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sijbrandij M, Olff M, Reitsma JB, Carlier IV, de Vries MH, Gersons BP (2007) Treatment of acute posttraumatic stress disorder with brief cognitive behavioral therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 164:82\u201390","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"615_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.105.021121","volume":"189","author":"M Sijbrandij","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sijbrandij M, Olff M, Reitsma JB, Carlier IV, Gersons BP (2006) Emotional or educational debriefing after psychological trauma. Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry J Mental Sci 189:150\u2013155","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry J Mental Sci"},{"key":"615_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0073-x","volume":"45","author":"S Thoresen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thoresen S, Tambs K, Hussain A, Heir T, Johansen V, Bisson J (2010) Brief measure of posttraumatic stress reactions: impact of Event Scale-6. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 45:405\u2013412","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-012-0615-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-012-0615-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-012-0615-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T12:07:12Z","timestamp":1558613232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-012-0615-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-012-0615-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7954","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,8]]}}}