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Knowledge about the risk factors is scarce and this applies especially to early risk factors. Our aim was to study early childhood and adolescent risk factors of PD in a representative birth cohort sample with a follow-up of up to 50\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was carried out using the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966). We used non-psychotic depression (NPD) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009746), schizophrenia (SZ) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009195), psychotic bipolar disorder (PBD) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200927), other psychoses (PNOS) (<jats:italic>n\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u2009136) and healthy controls (HC) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098200) as comparison groups for PD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200958). We analysed several potential early risk factors from time of birth until the age of 16\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main finding was that parents\u2019 psychiatric illness [HR 3.59 (1.84\u20137.04)] was a risk factor and a high sports grade in school was a protective factor [HR 0.29 (0.11\u20130.73)] for PD also after adjusting for covariates in the multivariate Cox regression model. Parental psychotic illness was an especially strong risk factor for PD. The PD subjects had a parent with psychiatric illness significantly more often (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) than NPD subjects. Differences between PD and other disorder groups were otherwise small.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A low sports grade in school may be a risk factor for PD. Psychiatric illnesses, especially psychoses, are common in the parents of PD subjects. A surprisingly low number of statistically significant risk factors may have resulted from the size of the PD sample and the underlying heterogeneity of the etiology of PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01835-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T11:02:52Z","timestamp":1581591772000},"page":"1179-1186","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Early childhood and adolescent risk factors for psychotic depression in a general population birth cohort sample"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Miika","family":"Nietola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Huovinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anni","family":"Heiskala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Nordstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jouko","family":"Miettunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jyrki","family":"Korkeila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1835_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.04.049","volume":"176","author":"M Heslin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heslin M, Lappin JM, Donoghue K, Lomas B, Reininghaus U, Onyejiaka A, Croudace T, Jones PB, Murray RM, Fearon P, Doody GA, Dazzan P, Craig TJ, Morgan C (2016) Ten-year outcomes in first episode psychotic major depression patients compared with schizophrenia and bipolar patients. 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