{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:18:22Z","timestamp":1792466302421,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-020-01992-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T14:03:47Z","timestamp":1609769027000},"page":"1175-1187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Maltreatment during childhood and risk for common mental disorders among first year university students in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0235-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bronwyn","family":"Myers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Bantjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Lochner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillippe","family":"Mortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald C.","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan J.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1992_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469","volume":"55","author":"JJ Arnett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arnett JJ (2000) Emerging adulthood: a theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol 55:469\u2013480","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"1992_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e3283477a09","volume":"24","author":"PD McGorry","year":"2011","unstructured":"McGorry PD, Purcell R, Goldstone S, Amminger GP (2011) Age of onset and timing of treatment for mental and substance use disorders: implications for preventive intervention strategies and models of care. Current Opin Psychiatry 24:301\u2013306","journal-title":"Current Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1992_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/00050067.2010.482109","volume":"45","author":"HM Stallman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stallman HM (2010) Psychological distress in university students: a comparison with general population data. Australian Psychologist 45:249\u2013257","journal-title":"Australian Psychologist"},{"key":"1992_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1080\/03075079.2014.966072","volume":"41","author":"W Larcombe","year":"2016","unstructured":"Larcombe W, Finch S, Sore R et al (2016) Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological distress among students at an Australian university. Studies in Higher Education 41:1074\u20131091","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"1992_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0663-5","volume":"48","author":"AK Ibrahim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ibrahim AK, Kelly SJ, Glazebrook C (2013) Socioeconomic status and the risk of depression among UK higher education students. Soc Psychiatry PsychiatrEpidemiol 48:1491\u20131501","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry PsychiatrEpidemiol"},{"key":"1992_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7218-y","volume":"19","author":"J Bantjes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bantjes J, Lochner C, Saal W et al (2019) Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of common mental disorders among first-year university students in post-apartheid South Africa: implications for a public mental health approach to student wellness. BMC public health 19:922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-7218-y","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"1992_CR7","first-page":"339","volume":"99","author":"AA Herman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Herman AA, Stein DJ, Seedat S, Heeringa SG, Moomal H, Williams DR (2009) The South African stress and health (SASH) study: 12\u00a0month and lifetime prevalence of CMDs. South African Med J 99:339\u2013344","journal-title":"South African Med J"},{"key":"1992_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22778","volume":"35","author":"J Alonso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alonso J, Mortier P, Auerbach RP et al (2018) Severe role impairment associated with mental disorders: results of the WHO world mental health surveys international college student project. Depress Anxiety 35:802\u2013814","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"1992_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.07.044","volume":"225","author":"R Bruffaerts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bruffaerts R, Mortier P, Kiekens G, Auerbach RP, Cuijpers P, Demyttenaere K, Green JG, Nock MK, Kessler RC (2018) Mental health problems in college freshmen: Prevalence and academic functioning. J Affect Disord 225:97\u2013103","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1992_CR10","first-page":"1","volume":"9","author":"D Eisenberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Eisenberg D, Golberstein E, Hunt JB, Eisenberg D, Golberstein E, Hunt JB (2009) Mental health and academic success in college. B E J Econ Anal Policy 9:1\u201335","journal-title":"B E J Econ Anal Policy"},{"key":"1992_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pillay N, Ramlall S, Burns JK (2016) Spirituality, depression and quality of life in medical students in KwaZulu-Natal. South Afr J Psychiatry. 22(1). Retrieved from from:\u00a0https:\/\/sajp.org.za\/index.php\/sajp\/article\/view\/731\/588","DOI":"10.4102\/sajpsychiatry.v22i1.731"},{"key":"1992_CR12","first-page":"623","volume":"127","author":"RP Auerbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Auerbach RP, Moriter P, Bruffaerts R et al (2018) WHO world mental health surveys international college student project: prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. J AbnormPsychol 127:623\u2013638","journal-title":"J AbnormPsychol"},{"key":"1992_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188785","volume":"12","author":"M McLafferty","year":"2017","unstructured":"McLafferty M, Lapsley CR, Ennis E et al (2017) Mental health, behavioural problems and treatment seeking among students commencing university in Northern Ireland. PLoS ONE 12:1299\u20131307","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1992_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.07.030","volume":"186","author":"P Mortier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mortier P, Demyttenaere K, Auerbach RP et al (2015) The impact of lifetime suicidality on academic performance in college freshmen. J Affect Disord 186:254\u2013260","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1992_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002215","volume":"48","author":"P Mortier","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mortier P, Cuijpers P, Kiekens G et al (2018) The prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviours among college students: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 48:554\u2013565","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1992_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60322-5","volume":"379","author":"K Hawton","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hawton K, Saunders KE, O\u2019Connor RC (2012) Self-harm and suicide in adolescents. Lancet 379:2373\u20132382","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1992_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1761","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1761","volume":"28","author":"P Cuijpers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuijpers P, Auerbach RP, Benjet C, Bruffaerts R, Ebert D, Karyotaki E, Kessler RC (2019) The world health organization world mental health international college student initiative: an overview. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 28:e1761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mpr.1761","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1992_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154478","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154478","volume":"11","author":"J Das-Munshi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Das-Munshi J, Lund C, Mathews C, Clark C, Rothon C, Stansfeld S (2016) Mental health inequalities in adolescents growing up in post-apartheid south africa: cross-sectional survey. SHaW Study PLoS One 11:e0154478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0154478","journal-title":"SHaW Study PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"1992_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.420","volume":"167","author":"D Finkelhor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Finkelhor D, Shattuck A, Turner H, Hamby S (2013) Improving the adverse childhood experiences study scale. JAMA Pediatr 167(1):70\u201375","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"1992_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.08.015","volume":"71","author":"N Slopen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Slopen N, Williams DR, Seedat S, Moomal H, Herman A, Stein DJ (2010) Adversities in childhood and adult psychopathology in the South Africa stress and health study: associations with first-onset DSM-IV disorders. SocSci Med 71:1847\u20131854","journal-title":"SocSci Med"},{"key":"1992_CR21","first-page":"160","volume":"25","author":"SB Patten","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patten SB, Wilkes TC, Williams JV, Lavorato DH, El-Guebaly N, Wild TC, Colman I, Bulloch AG (2016) Childhood adversity and subsequent mental health status in adulthood: screening for associations using two linked surveys. EpidemiolPsychiatrSci 25:160\u2013170","journal-title":"EpidemiolPsychiatrSci"},{"key":"1992_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2018.207","volume":"213","author":"S Kisely","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kisely S, Abajobir AA, Mills R, Strathearn L, Clavarino A, Najman JM (2018) Child maltreatment and mental health problems in adulthood: birth cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 213:698\u2013703","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1992_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104447","volume":"103","author":"M Subramaniam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Subramaniam M, Abdin E, Seow E, Vaingankar JA, Shafie S, Shahwan S, Lim M, Fung D, James L, Verma S, Chong SA (2020) Prevalence, socio-demographic correlates and associations of adverse childhood experiences with mental illnesses: results from the singapore mental health study. Child Abuse Negl 103:104447","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"1992_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104082","volume":"96","author":"MJ Gardner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gardner MJ, Thomas HJ, Erskine HE (2019) The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse Negl 96:104082. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104082","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"1992_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.187","volume":"67","author":"KA McLaughlin","year":"2010","unstructured":"McLaughlin KA, Green JG, Gruber MJ et al (2010) Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication II: associations with persistence of DSM-IV disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 67:124\u2013132","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"1992_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11020335","volume":"169","author":"V Nanni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nanni V, Uher R, Danese A (2012) Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J psychiatry 169:141\u2013151","journal-title":"Am J psychiatry"},{"key":"1992_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-013-0519-5","volume":"59","author":"J Lindert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lindert J, Von Ehrenstein OS, Grashow R et al (2014) Sexual and physical abuse in childhood is associated with depression and anxiety over the life course: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Public Health 59:359\u2013372","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"1992_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.09.006","volume":"190","author":"MR Infurna","year":"2016","unstructured":"Infurna MR, Reichl C, Parzer P et al (2016) Associations between depression and specific childhood experiences of abuse and neglect: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 190:47\u201355","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1992_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000202","volume":"202","author":"CM Martins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Martins CM, Von Werne BC, Tofoli SM, Juruena MF (2014) Emotional abuse in childhood is a differential factor for the development of depression in adults. J NervMent Dis 202:774\u2013782","journal-title":"J NervMent Dis"},{"key":"1992_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2020.104361","volume":"102","author":"K Humphreys","year":"2020","unstructured":"Humphreys K, LeMoult J, Wear JG, Piersiak HA, Lee A, Gotlib IH (2020) Child maltreatment and depression: a meta-analysis of studies using the childhood trauma questionnaire. Child Abuse Negl 102:104361","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"1992_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2012.11.008","volume":"37","author":"R Mills","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mills R, Scott J, Alati R, O\u2019Callaghan M, Najman JM, Strathearn L (2013) Child maltreatment and adolescent mental health problems in a large birth cohort. Child Abuse Negl 37:292\u2013302","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"1992_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371205701105","volume":"57","author":"TO Afifi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Afifi TO, Henriksen CA, Asmundson GJ, Sareen J (2012) Childhood maltreatment and substance use disorders among men and women in a nationally representative sample. Can J Psychiatry 57:677\u2013686","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1992_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037459","volume":"28","author":"B Myers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Myers B, McLaughlin KA, Wang S, Blanco C, Stein DJ (2014) Associations between childhood adversity, adult stressful life events, and past year drug use disorders in the national epidemiological study of alcohol and related conditions (NESARC). Psychol Addict Behav 28:1117\u20131126","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"1992_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30286-X","volume":"6","author":"HP Hailes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hailes HP, Yu R, Danese A, Fazel S (2019) Long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: an umbrella review. The Lancet Psychiatry 6:830\u2013839","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1992_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349","volume":"9","author":"RE Norman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Norman RE, Byambaa M, De R, Butchart A, Scott J, Vos T (2012) The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine 9:e1001349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349","journal-title":"PLoS Medicine"},{"key":"1992_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559511428353","volume":"16","author":"SR Berzenski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Berzenski SR, Yates TM (2011) Classes and consequences of multiple maltreatment: a person-centered analysis. Child Maltreat 16:250\u2013261","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"1992_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559517728125","volume":"23","author":"PM Rivera","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rivera PM, Fincham FD, Bray BC (2018) Latent classes of maltreatment: a systematic review and critique. Child Maltreat 23:3\u201324","journal-title":"Child Maltreat"},{"key":"1992_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.08.013","volume":"87","author":"JM Warmingham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Warmingham JM, Handley ED, Rogosch FA, Manly JT, Cicchetti D (2019) Identifying maltreatment subgroups with patterns of maltreatment subtype and chronicity: a latent class analysis approach. Child Abuse Negl 87:28\u201339","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"1992_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2017.06.014","volume":"70","author":"A Debowska","year":"2017","unstructured":"Debowska A, Willmott D, Boduszek D, Jones AD (2017) What do we know about child abuse and neglect patterns of co-occurrence? A systematic review of profiling studies and recommendations for future research. Child Abuse Negl 70:100\u2013111","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"1992_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","volume":"2","author":"K Hughes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hughes K, Bellis MA, Harcastle KA et al (2017) The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Public Health 2:e356\u2013e366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"1992_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9490-0","volume":"39","author":"HC Hahm","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hahm HC, Lee Y, Ozonoff A, Van Wert MJ (2010) The impact of multiple types of child maltreatment on subsequent risk behaviors among women during the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 39:528\u2013540","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"1992_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106039","volume":"134","author":"H Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee H, Kim Y, Terry J (2020) Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on mental disorders in young adulthood: latent classes and community violence exposure. Prev Med 134:106039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106039","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"1992_CR43","first-page":"339","volume":"55","author":"GWK Ho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ho GWK, Bressington D, Karatzias T, Chien WT, Inoue S, Yang PJ, Chan ACY, Hyland P (2020) Patterns of exposure to adverse childhood experiences and their associations with mental health: a survey of 1346 university students in East Asia. Soc Psychiatry PsychiatrEpidemiol 55:339\u2013349","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry PsychiatrEpidemiol"},{"key":"1992_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2018.07.020","volume":"87","author":"AN Merians","year":"2019","unstructured":"Merians AN, Baker MR, Frazier P, Lust K (2019) Outcomes related to adverse childhood experiences in college students: comparing latent class analysis and cumulative risk. Child Abuse Negl 87:51\u201364","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"1992_CR45","unstructured":"Artz\u00a0L,\u00a0Burton\u00a0P,\u00a0Ward\u00a0CL,\u00a0et al (2016)\u00a0Optimus study South Africa: technical report. Sexual victimization of children in South Africa: Final report of the Optimus Foundation Study.\u00a0Zurich,\u00a0South Africa:\u00a0UBS Optimus Foundation. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cjcp.org.za\/uploads\/2\/7\/8\/4\/27845461\/08_cjcp_report_2016_d.pdf"},{"key":"1992_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.21.2581","volume":"291","author":"K Demyttenaere","year":"2004","unstructured":"Demyttenaere K, Bruffaerts R, Posada-Villa J et al (2004) Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the world health organization world mental health surveys. JAMA 291:2581\u20132590","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1992_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.168","volume":"13","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kessler RC, \u00dcst\u00fcn BB (2004) The world mental health (WMH) survey initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 13:93\u2013117","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1992_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","volume":"14","author":"VJ Felitti","year":"1998","unstructured":"Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D et al (1998) Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults\u2014impact on children. Am J Prev Med 14:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"1992_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.080499","volume":"197","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kessler RC, McLaughlin KA, Green JG et al (2010) Childhood adversities and adult psychopathology in the WHO world mental health surveys. Br J Psychiatry 197:378\u2013385","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"1992_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e828","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11485","volume":"78","author":"P Mortier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mortier P, Kiekens G, Auerbach RP, Cuijpers P et al (2017) A risk algorithm for the persistence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors during college. The J Clin Psychiatry 78:e828\u2013e836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/JCP.17m11485","journal-title":"The J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1992_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002334","volume":"43","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kessler RC, Calabrese JR, Farley PA et al (2013) Composite international diagnostic interview screening scales for DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders. Psychol Med 43:1625\u20131637","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1992_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","volume":"88","author":"JB Saunders","year":"1993","unstructured":"Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, De la Fuente JR, Grant M (1993) Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption-II. Addiction 88:791\u2013804","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1992_CR53","first-page":"107","volume":"77","author":"RJ Ursano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ursano RJ, Colpe L, Heeringa S, Kessler R, Schoenbaum M, Stein M (2014) The Army study to assess risk and resilience in servicemembers (Army STARRS). Psychiatry InterpersBiol Process 77:107\u2013119","journal-title":"Psychiatry InterpersBiol Process"},{"issue":"1","key":"1992_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2307\/2344652","volume":"142","author":"D Holt","year":"1979","unstructured":"Holt D, Smith T (1979) Post stratification. J Royal Statist Soc Series A (General) 142(1):33\u201346 ((Muth\u00e9n LK, Muth\u00e9n BO\u00a0Mplus user\u2019s guide.\u00a0Los Angeles, CA: Muth\u00e9n & Muth\u00e9n; 1998\u20132014))","journal-title":"J Royal Statist Soc Series A (General)"},{"key":"1992_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","volume":"14","author":"KL Nylund","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nylund KL, Asparouhov T, Muthen B (2007) Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a Monte Carlo Simulation Study. StructEqu Model 14:535\u2013569","journal-title":"StructEqu Model"},{"key":"1992_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20909","volume":"29","author":"LC Bruce","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bruce LC, Heimberg RG, Blanco C, Schneier FR, Liebowitz MR (2012) Childhood maltreatment and social anxiety disorder: implications for symptom severity and response to pharmacotherapy. Depress anxiety 29:131\u2013138","journal-title":"Depress anxiety"},{"key":"1992_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2010.02.003","volume":"48","author":"AL van Harmelen","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Harmelen AL, de Jong PJ, Glashouwer KA et al (2010) Child abuse and negative explicit and automatic self-associations: the cognitive scars of emotional maltreatment. Behav Res Ther 48:486\u2013494","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1992_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.12.007","volume":"33","author":"MO Wright","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wright MO, Crawford E, Del Castillo D (2009) Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: the mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse Negl 33:59\u201368","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"1992_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.039","volume":"163","author":"TA Wills","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wills TA, Simons JS, Sussman S, Knight R (2016) Emotional self-control and dysregulation: a dual-process analysis of pathways to externalizing\/internalizing symptomatology and positive well-being in younger adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend 163:S37-45","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1992_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.10.006","volume":"30","author":"AL Hobkirk","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hobkirk AL, Watt MH, Myers B, Skinner D, Meade CS (2016) A qualitative study of methamphetamine initiation in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Drug Policy 30:91\u2013106","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"1992_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-020-0339-y","volume":"14","author":"J Bantjes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bantjes J, Saal W, Lochner C et al (2020) Inequality and mental healthcare utilisation among first-year university students in South Africa. Int J Mental health syst 14:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13033-020-0339-y","journal-title":"Int J Mental health syst"},{"key":"1992_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008944","volume":"37","author":"V Spek","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spek V, Cuijpers P, NykI\u00ed\u010dek I, Riper H, Keyzer J, Pop V (2007) Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 37:319\u2013328","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1992_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20151","volume":"13","author":"G Andersson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Andersson G, Cuijpers P, Carlbring P, Riper H, Hedman E (2014) Guided internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry 13:288\u2013295","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"1992_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.102628","volume":"75","author":"B Myers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Myers B, Carney T, Johnson K, Browne A, Wechsberg WM (2020) Service providers\u2019 perceptions of barriers to the implementation of trauma-focused substance use services for women in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Drug Policy 75:102628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.102628","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"1992_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJnew.7910","volume":"105","author":"MH Watt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Watt MH, Myers B, Towe SL, Meade CS (2015) The mental health experiences and needs of methamphetamine users in Cape Town: a mixed-methods study. South Afr Med J 105(8):685\u2013688","journal-title":"South Afr Med J"}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-020-01992-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-020-01992-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-020-01992-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T07:10:39Z","timestamp":1744182639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-020-01992-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-020-01992-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7954","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 June 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study has been approved by the appropriate ethics committee and has therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The Health Science Research Ethics Committee of the University of Cape Town (Reference: 744\/2015) and Stellenbosch University (Reference: N13\/10\/149) approved this study. Permission to conduct the study was obtained from both universities. Participation in the study was entirely voluntary and participants provided informed consent electronically prior to completing the survey. A phone number to a general study helpdesk was included in the electronic informed consent to address study-related questions. All participants were provided with information about crisis and student counselling services and where to access emergency care if they were distressed. All data were anonymised and securely stored.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Due to ethical restrictions, the data cannot be made publicly available. The datasets used and\/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Availability of data and material"}}]}}