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Data on mode of delivery were collected when children were 9\u00a0months and categorised as spontaneous vaginal delivery, assisted vaginal delivery, induced vaginal delivery, emergency caesarean section, planned caesarean section and caesarean section after induction of labor. Data on behavioural outcomes were collected at ages 3, 5, 7, 11, 14 and 17\u00a0years using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Crude and adjusted logistic regression examined mode of delivery\u2013behavioural difficulties relationship, using validated SDQ cut-off points (total SDQ\u2009\u2265\u200917, emotional\u2009\u2265\u20095, conduct\u2009\u2265\u20094, hyperactivity\u2009\u2265\u20097, peer problems\u2009\u2265\u20094 and prosocial behaviour\u2009\u2264\u20094). Multilevel models with linear splines examined the association between mode of delivery and repeated measures of SDQ.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There were 18,213 singleton mother\u2013child pairs included at baseline, 13,600 at age 3; 13,831 at age 5; 12,687 at age 7; 11,055 at age 11; 10,745 at age 14 and 8839 at age 17. Adjusted logistic regression suggested few associations between mode of delivery and behavioural outcomes at ages 3, 5, 11, 14 and 17\u00a0years using validated SDQ cut-off points. After correction for multiple testing, only the protective association between planned caesarean section-Conduct difficulties at age 5\u00a0years (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.46, 0.85) and positive association between caesarean section after induction-Emotional difficulties at age 11\u00a0years (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.19, 2.07) remained statistically significant. Multilevel modelling suggested mean SDQ scores were similar in each mode of delivery group at each time point.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Results of this study indicate that mode of delivery is unlikely to have a major impact on behavioural outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02233-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]],"date-time":"2022-01-15T10:02:48Z","timestamp":1642240968000},"page":"1697-1709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Obstetrical mode of delivery and behavioural outcomes in childhood and adolescence: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6722-0484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian M.","family":"Maher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali S.","family":"Khashan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fergus P.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10155","key":"2233_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31928-7","volume":"392","author":"T Boerma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boerma T, Ronsmans C, Melesse DY, Barros AJD, Barros FC, Juan L, Moller A-B, Say L, Hosseinpoor AR, Yi M, de Lyra RND, Temmerman M (2018) Global epidemiology of use of and disparities in caesarean sections. 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