{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:06:17Z","timestamp":1773273977206,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008944","name":"Iowa Department of Public Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5881SA144E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5881SA144E"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008944","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TI081620"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TI081620"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000102","name":"Health Resources and Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T25HP37624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T25HP37624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-023-02448-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T19:02:47Z","timestamp":1678129367000},"page":"1503-1508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Perceived risk of LSD varies with age and race: evidence from 2019 United States cross-sectional data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8847-8727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas L.","family":"Bormann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea N.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Miskle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Woodson-DeFauw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Arndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison C.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2448_CR1","first-page":"5","volume":"2013","author":"SE Hyman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hyman SE (2013) Psychiatric drug development: diagnosing a crisis. Cerebrum 2013:5","journal-title":"Cerebrum"},{"key":"2448_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00214-X","volume":"2","author":"RE Becker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Becker RE, Seeman MV, Greig NH, Lahiri DK (2015) What can triumphs and tribulations from drug research in Alzheimer\u2019s disease tell us about the development of psychotropic drugs in general? Lancet Psychiatry 2:756\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00214-X","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2448_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.02.018","volume":"142","author":"SJ Belouin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belouin SJ, Henningfield JE (2018) Psychedelics: Where we are now, why we got here, what we must do. Neuropharmacology 142:7\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2018.02.018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2448_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2021.2022254","author":"A Hadar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hadar A, David J, Shalit N et al (2022) The psychedelic renaissance in clinical research: a bibliometric analysis of three decades of human studies with psychedelics. J Psychoactive Drugs. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2021.2022254","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"2448_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30065-7","volume":"3","author":"RL Carhart-Harris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL, Bolstridge M, Rucker J et al (2016) Psilocybin with psychological support for treatment-resistant depression: an open-label feasibility study. Lancet Psychiatry 3:619\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30065-7","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2448_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032994","volume":"384","author":"RL Carhart-Harris","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carhart-Harris RL, Giribaldi B, Watts R et al (2021) Trial of psilocybin versus escitalopram for depression. N Engl J Med 384:1402\u20131411. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2032994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2448_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001356","volume":"49","author":"F Palhano-Fontes","year":"2019","unstructured":"Palhano-Fontes F, Barreto D, Onias H et al (2019) Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Psychol Med 49:655\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291718001356","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2448_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881110378371","volume":"25","author":"MC Mithoefer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mithoefer MC, Wagner MT, Mithoefer AT et al (2011) The safety and efficacy of {+\/\u2013}3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study. J Psychopharmacol 25:439\u2013452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881110378371","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2448_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30135-4","volume":"5","author":"MC Mithoefer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mithoefer MC, Mithoefer AT, Feduccia AA et al (2018) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans, firefighters, and police officers: a randomised, double-blind, dose-response, phase 2 clinical trial. Lancet Psychiatry 5:486\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30135-4","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2448_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096","volume":"79","author":"MP Bogenschutz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bogenschutz MP, Ross S, Bhatt S et al (2022) Percentage of heavy drinking days following psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy vs placebo in the treatment of adult patients with alcohol use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiat 79:953\u2013962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"2448_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881114548296","volume":"28","author":"MW Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson MW, Garcia-Romeu A, Cosimano MP, Griffiths RR (2014) Pilot study of the 5-HT2AR agonist psilocybin in the treatment of tobacco addiction. J Psychopharmacol 28:983\u2013992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0269881114548296","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2448_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.020","volume":"181","author":"D Nutt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nutt D, Erritzoe D, Carhart-Harris R (2020) Psychedelic psychiatry\u2019s brave new world. Cell 181:24\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2448_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1632506","volume":"51","author":"JJ Palamar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Palamar JJ, Le A, Mateu-Gelabert P (2019) Perceived risk of heroin in relation to other drug use in a representative US sample. J Psychoactive Drugs 51:463\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02791072.2019.1632506","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"2448_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.09.020","volume":"89","author":"N Shalit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shalit N, Rehm J, Lev-Ran S (2019) Epidemiology of hallucinogen use in the U.S. results from the National epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions III. Addict Behav 89:35\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.09.020","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"2448_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108715","volume":"223","author":"B Killion","year":"2021","unstructured":"Killion B, Hai AH, Alsolami A et al (2021) LSD use in the United States: Trends, correlates, and a typology of us. Drug Alcohol Depend 223:108715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108715","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2448_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108071","volume":"212","author":"RA Yockey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yockey RA, Vidourek RA, King KA (2020) Trends in LSD use among US adults: 2015\u20132018. Drug Alcohol Depend 212:108071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108071","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2448_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.774736","volume":"12","author":"DT Smith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith DT, Faber SC, Buchanan NT et al (2021) The need for psychedelic-assisted therapy in the black community and the burdens of its provision. Front Psychiatry 12:774736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.774736","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"2448_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2021-107262","author":"D Strauss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Strauss D, de la Salle S, Sloshower J, Williams MT (2021) Research abuses against people of colour and other vulnerable groups in early psychedelic research. J Med Ethics. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/medethics-2021-107262","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"2448_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.1007669","volume":"50","author":"HLF Cooper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cooper HLF (2015) War on drugs policing and police brutality. Subst Use Misuse 50:1188\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/10826084.2015.1007669","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"2448_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2324-9005.1000106","author":"M Kulesza","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kulesza M, Larimer ME, Rao D (2013) Substance use related stigma: what we know and the way forward. J Addict Behav Ther Rehabil. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2324-9005.1000106","journal-title":"J Addict Behav Ther Rehabil"},{"key":"2448_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2307\/2955424","volume":"38","author":"BG Link","year":"1997","unstructured":"Link BG, Struening EL, Rahav M et al (1997) On stigma and its consequences: evidence from a longitudinal study of men with dual diagnoses of mental illness and substance abuse. J Health Soc Behav 38:177\u2013190","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"2448_CR22","volume-title":"2019 National survey on drug use and health public use file codebook","author":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality","year":"2020","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (2020) 2019 National survey on drug use and health public use file codebook. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Rockville"},{"key":"2448_CR23","unstructured":"StataCorp  (2021) Stata statistical software: release 17. StataCorp LLC, College State, TX"},{"key":"2448_CR24","unstructured":"Levy P, Lemeshow S (2013) Sampling of populations: methods and applications, 4th edn. Wiley"},{"key":"2448_CR25","volume-title":"Risk and protective factors and estimates of substance use initiation: results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health","author":"RN Lipari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lipari RN, Ahrnsbrak RD, Pemberton MR, Porter JD (2017) Risk and protective factors and estimates of substance use initiation: results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. NSDUH Data Review, Rockville"},{"key":"2448_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/s0376-8716(96)01297-5","volume":"43","author":"HD Chilcoat","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chilcoat HD, Sch\u00fctz CG (1996) Age-specific patterns of hallucinogen use in the US population: an analysis using generalized additive models. Drug Alcohol Depend 43:143\u2013153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0376-8716(96)01297-5","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"2448_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1081\/ja-100107575","volume":"36","author":"A Golub","year":"2001","unstructured":"Golub A, Johnson BD, Sifaneck SJ et al (2001) Is the U.S. experiencing an incipient epidemic of hallucinogen use? Subst Use Misuse 36:1699\u20131729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/ja-100107575","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"2448_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2008.00043.x","volume":"28","author":"JE Wells","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wells JE, McGee MA, Baxter J et al (2009) Onset and lifetime use of drugs in New Zealand: results from Te Rau Hinengaro: the New Zealand Mental Health Survey 2003\u20132004. Drug Alcohol Rev 28:166\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2008.00043.x","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"2448_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.008","volume":"30","author":"A Kuerbis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kuerbis A, Sacco P, Blazer DG, Moore AA (2014) Substance abuse among older adults. Clin Geriatr Med 30:629\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.008","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"2448_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000504363","volume":"66","author":"A Kuerbis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuerbis A (2020) Substance use among older adults: an update on prevalence, etiology, assessment, and intervention. Gerontology 66:249\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000504363","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2448_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31820d942b","volume":"19","author":"S Arndt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arndt S, Clayton R, Schultz SK (2011) Trends in substance abuse treatment 1998\u20132008: increasing older adult first-time admissions for illicit drugs. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 19:704\u2013711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JGP.0b013e31820d942b","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2448_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2022.03.003","author":"A Weber","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weber A, Lynch A, Miskle B et al (2022) Older adult substance use treatment first-time admissions between 2008 and 2018. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jagp.2022.03.003","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2448_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.94.6.1027","volume":"94","author":"SL West","year":"2004","unstructured":"West SL, O\u2019Neal KK (2004) Project D.A.R.E. outcome effectiveness revisited. Am J Public Health 94:1027\u20131029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.94.6.1027","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2448_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1824-6","volume":"18","author":"TI Michaels","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michaels TI, Purdon J, Collins A, Williams MT (2018) Inclusion of people of color in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy: a review of the literature. BMC Psychiatry 18:245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-018-1824-6","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2448_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.675768","author":"PJ Vis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vis PJ, Goudriaan AE, ter Meulen BC, Blom JD (2021) On Perception and Consciousness in HPPD: a systematic review. Front Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2021.675768","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-023-02448-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-023-02448-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-023-02448-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,26]],"date-time":"2023-08-26T07:03:03Z","timestamp":1693033383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-023-02448-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-023-02448-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7954","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 July 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 February 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interest to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}