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In the WTC Health Program General Responder Cohort (WTCHP GRC) we examined whether social support was protective against the development of depression or anxiety symptoms after the 9\/11 WTC attacks and explored in a subsample whether trait resilience moderated this relationship.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We analyzed data from 14,033 traditional and 13,478 non-traditional responders who attended at least three periodic health monitoring visits between 2002 and 2019. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder screener; GAD-7) scores. In a subsample of 812 participants, we also assessed if the association between social support and symptoms was moderated by an individual\u2019s trait resilience level (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, CD-RISC).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>For both traditional and non-traditional responders, perceived social support around 9\/11 was associated with lower levels of depressive (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.24, S.E.\u2009=\u20090.017, <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a014.29, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and anxiety symptoms (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.17, S. E.\u2009=\u20090.016, <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a010.48, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Trait resilience scores were higher in responders with at least one source of social support during the aftermath of 9\/11 compared to those without (mean 71.56, SD 21.58 vs mean 76.64, SD 17.06; \u03b2\u00a0=\u00a05.08, S.E.\u00a0=\u00a00.36, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Trait resilience moderated the association between social support and depressive (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and anxiety trajectories (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) for traditional responders.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings suggest that perceived social support around a severely distressing event may have long-term protective effects on symptoms of depression and anxiety.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-023-02569-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T11:02:23Z","timestamp":1698145343000},"page":"1413-1424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Perceived social support and longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety in World Trade Center responders"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Pijnenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tjasa","family":"Velikonja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Pietrzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"DePierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lieuwe","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Todd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher R.","family":"Dasaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Feder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Velthorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2569_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001981","volume":"46","author":"C Benjet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benjet C, Bromet E, Karam EG, Kessler RC, McLaughlin KA, Ruscio AM, Shahly V, Stein DJ, Petukhova M, Hill E, Koenen KC (2016) The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. 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