{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:45:05Z","timestamp":1791254705761,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["107-2314-B-010 -055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107-2314-B-010 -055"]}]},{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>To investigate the association between lifestyle and atypical antipsychotic drug use in patients with schizophrenia and the risk of constipation and to assess the impact of anxiety and depressive symptoms on constipation risk.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cross-sectional convenience sampling was employed, and 271 participants aged 20\u201365 were enrolled. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire comprising participants\u2019 demographic data, medication information, dietary behavior assessment, and the Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory-II, and Beck Anxiety Inventory. IBM SPSS 24.0 with multivariate logistic regression was used for data analysis. We performed a subgroup analysis of anticholinergic drugs via multivariate logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>In total, 180 participants had functional constipation; risk factors included female sex, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and quetiapine and aripiprazole use. Patients who drank more than 3,000\u00a0cc of water daily or used risperidone were less likely to have functional constipation. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were risk factors even after adjusting for sex, use of anticholinergics and laxatives, consuming two servings of fruit, consuming three servings of vegetables, consuming more than 3,000\u00a0cc of water daily, physical activity, medical comorbidity, chlorpromazine equivalent dose, and atypical antipsychotic use. Similar associations were found for two affective symptoms and functional constipation in the subgroup analysis of anticholinergic drugs.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The prevalence of functional constipation in patients with schizophrenia was 66.4%. The risk factors included female sex, anticholinergics, aripiprazole, quetiapine, and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Risperidone users and those who drank 3000\u00a0cc of water daily were less likely to have constipation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-024-02729-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T20:08:31Z","timestamp":1721506111000},"page":"427-440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Associations between constipation risk and lifestyle, medication use, and affective symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a multicenter cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Che-Yu","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su-Chen","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason W.","family":"Beckstead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5907-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiu-Yueh","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2729_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000502815","volume":"102","author":"H Ohkubo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ohkubo H, Yoshihara T, Misawa N, Ashikari K, Fuyuki A, Matsuura T, Higurashi T, Imajo K, Hosono K, Yoneda M, Kobayashi N, Saito S, Nakajima A (2021) Relationship between stool form and quality of life in patients with chronic constipation: an internet questionnaire survey. Digestion 102(2):147\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000502815","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"issue":"4","key":"2729_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm20135","volume":"27","author":"S Yamamoto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamamoto S, Kawamura Y, Yamamoto K, Yamaguchi Y, Tamura Y, Izawa S, Nakagawa H, Wakita Y, Hijikata Y, Ebi M, Funaki Y, Ohashi W, Ogasawara N, Sasaki M, Maekawa M, Kasugai K (2021) Internet survey of Japanese patients with chronic constipation: focus on correlations between sleep quality, symptom severity, and quality of life. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 27(4):602\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5056\/jnm20135","journal-title":"J Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"issue":"8","key":"2729_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00111-4","volume":"6","author":"B Barberio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barberio B, Judge C, Savarino EV, Ford AC (2021) Global prevalence of functional constipation according to the Rome criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 6(8):638\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00111-4","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2729_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2016.1217044","volume":"71","author":"T Virtanen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Virtanen T, Eskelinen S, Sailas E, Suvisaari J (2017) Dyspepsia and constipation in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Nord J Psychiatry 71(1):48\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08039488.2016.1217044","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2729_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/tpsy.tpsy_20_21","volume":"35","author":"CC Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang CC, Chen HK (2021) The prevalence of constipation and its risk factors in patients with schizophrenia. Taiwan J Psychiatry 35(2):95\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tpsy.tpsy_20_21","journal-title":"Taiwan J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2729_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2023.11.006","author":"V Dauriac-Le Masson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dauriac-Le Masson V, Bornes C, Hadjedj L, Montariol P, Nguyen-Machet S, Hallouche N (2024) Constipation in hospitalized psychiatric patients: an underestimated common phenomenon. Retrospective epidemiological study in an adult psychiatric hospital setting. L\u2019Enc\u00e9phale. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.encep.2023.11.006","journal-title":"L\u2019Enc\u00e9phale"},{"key":"2729_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.10.024","volume":"195","author":"HK Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen HK, Hsieh CJ (2018) Risk of gastrointestinal hypomotility in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder treated with antipsychotics: a retrospective cohort study. Schizophr Res 195:237\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.schres.2017.10.024","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2729_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.12.008","volume":"43","author":"CH Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin CH, Chan HY, Hsu CC, Chen FC (2021) Factors associated with laxative use in schizophrenia patients treated with second-generation antipsychotics. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 43:139\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2020.12.008","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2729_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800416653184","volume":"18","author":"CY Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang CY, Lo SC, Peng YC (2016) Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its predictors in patients with schizophrenia in inpatient rehabilitation centres. Biol Res Nurs 18(5):558\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1099800416653184","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"2729_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.6847\/tjpmhn.201812_13(2).03","volume":"13","author":"AH Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang AH, Liu CY, Yang CY (2018) A relativity study of dietary behavior and metabolic syndrome among the patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia in the rehabilitation wards of specialized hospitals. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 13(2):19\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6847\/tjpmhn.201812_13(2).03","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs"},{"key":"2729_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18647-y","author":"N Xiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiang N, Xu L, Qian H, Zhang D (2024) Multiple obesity indices suggest a close relationship between obesity and constipation: evidence from NHANES. BMC Public Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18647-y","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"2729_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i21.2795","volume":"27","author":"BL Werth","year":"2021","unstructured":"Werth BL, Christopher SA (2021) Potential risk factors for constipation in the community. World J Gastroenterol 27(21):2795\u20132817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v27.i21.2795","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2729_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43214-4_5","volume-title":"Bowel dysfunction: A comprehensive guide for healthcare professionals","author":"B Collins","year":"2016","unstructured":"Collins B, Knox R (2016) The causes of constipation. In: Collins B, Bradshaw E (eds) Bowel dysfunction: A comprehensive guide for healthcare professionals. Springer, Cham, CH, pp 53\u201374"},{"issue":"7","key":"2729_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2018.1517189","volume":"72","author":"O Ingimarsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ingimarsson O, MacCabe JH, Sigurdsson E (2019) Constipation, ileus and medication use during clozapine treatment in patients with schizophrenia in Iceland. Nord J Psychiatry 72(7):497\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08039488.2018.1517189","journal-title":"Nord J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2729_CR15","first-page":"241","volume-title":"The Maudsley practice guidelines for physical health conditions in psychiatry","author":"J Lally","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lally J, Pillinger T, Vallianatou K, Weichert I (2021) Constipation. In: Taylor DM, Gaughran F, Pillinger T (eds) The Maudsley practice guidelines for physical health conditions in psychiatry. Wiley Blackwell, USA, pp 241\u2013249"},{"issue":"1","key":"2729_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1097\/yic.0000000000000331","volume":"36","author":"TL Demler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Demler TL, Krieger K (2021) Challenges associated with treating and preventing antipsychotic-induced constipation: considerations and cautions when prescribing novel interventions. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 36(1):12\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/yic.0000000000000331","journal-title":"Int Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2729_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx149","volume":"44","author":"J Firth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Firth J, Stubbs B, Vancampfort D, Schuch FB, Rosenbaum S, Ward PB, Firth JA, Sarris J, Yung AR (2018) The validity and value of self-reported physical activity and accelerometry in people with schizophrenia: a population-scale sudy of the UK biobank. Schizophr Bull 44(6):1293\u20131300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/schbul\/sbx149","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"2729_CR18","first-page":"111","volume":"26","author":"CI Chu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chu CI, Xu CY, Huang YC, Chen IC (2007) An Investigation of the cognition, attitudes and behaviors regarding alcohol use among Aboriginal and non-aboriginal secondary school students of a mountain area in I-Lan Taiwan. J Mei Ho Inst Technol 26(2):111\u2013124","journal-title":"J Mei Ho Inst Technol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2729_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12275","volume":"69","author":"T Inada","year":"2015","unstructured":"Inada T, Inagaki A (2015) Psychotropic dose equivalence in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 69(8):440\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pcn.12275","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2729_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119870203","volume-title":"The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry","author":"DM Taylor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH (2021) The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry, 14th edn. Wiley","edition":"14"},{"issue":"5","key":"2729_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.5.936","volume":"36","author":"JA Baecke","year":"1982","unstructured":"Baecke JA, Burema J, Frijters JE (1982) A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. Am J Clin Nutr 36(5):936\u2013942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/36.5.936","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2729_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.12.007","volume":"37","author":"D Vancampfort","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vancampfort D, Sweers K, Probst M, Maurissen K, Knapen J, Minguet P, De Hert M (2011) Association of the metabolic syndrome with physical activity performance in patients with schizophrenia. Diabetes Metab 37(4):318\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.12.007","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2729_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539511416805","volume":"27","author":"SC Ho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ho SC, Yu R, Chan S (2015) Comparison of the modified Chinese Baecke questionnaire with a 3\u00a0day activity diary in a Hong Kong Chinese population. Asia Pac J Public Health 27(2):2358\u20132371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1010539511416805","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"2729_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t00742-000","author":"AT Beck","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown G (1996) Manual for the beck depression inventory-II. Psychol Corp, San Antonio, TX. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/t00742-000","journal-title":"Psychol Corp, San Antonio, TX"},{"issue":"4","key":"2729_CR25","first-page":"301","volume":"16","author":"ML Lu","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lu ML, Che HH, Chang SW, Shen WW (2002) Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the beck depression inventory-II. Taiwan J Psychiatry 16(4):301\u2013310","journal-title":"Taiwan J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"2729_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","volume":"56","author":"AT Beck","year":"1988","unstructured":"Beck AT, Epstein N, Brown G, Steer RA (1988) An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J Consult Clin Psychol 56(6):893\u2013897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2729_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.6320\/FJM.2006.10(4).05","volume":"10","author":"HH Che","year":"2006","unstructured":"Che HH, Lu ML, Chen HC, Chang SW, Lee YJ (2006) Validation of the Chinese version of the beck anxiety inventory. Formosan J Medicine 10(4):447\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6320\/FJM.2006.10(4).05","journal-title":"Formosan J Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2729_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.061","volume":"130","author":"GF Longstreth","year":"2006","unstructured":"Longstreth GF, Thompson WG, Chey WD, Houghton LA, Mearin F, Spiller RC (2006) Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology 130(5):1480\u20131491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.061","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2729_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2018.03.014","volume":"32","author":"YH Chiang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chiang YH, Beckstead JW, Lo SC, Yang CY (2018) Association of auditory hallucination and anxiety symptoms with depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia: a 3\u00a0month follow-up. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 32(4):585\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apnu.2018.03.014","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"issue":"8","key":"2729_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15436","volume":"36","author":"K Otani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Otani K, Watanabe T, Takahashi K, Nadatani Y, Fukunaga S, Hosomi S, Tanaka F, Kamata N, Taira K, Nagami Y, Kimura T, Fukumoto S, Kawada N, Fujiwara Y (2021) Prevalence and risk factors of functional constipation in the Rome IV criteria during a medical check-up in Japan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 36(8):2157\u20132164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.15436","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2729_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815156","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.815156","volume":"9","author":"Z Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Z, Peng Y, Shi Q, Chen Y, Cao L, Jia J, Liu C, Zhang J (2022) Prevalence and risk factors of functional constipation according to the Rome criteria in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med 9:815156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.815156","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2729_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12875","volume":"22","author":"CH Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin CH, Lin HY, Lin TC, Chan HY, Chen JJ (2022) The relation between second-generation antipsychotics and laxative use in elderly patients with schizophrenia. Psychogeriatrics 22(5):718\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyg.12875","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2729_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.5455\/njppp.2021.11.04122202103052021","volume":"11","author":"N Sajitha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sajitha N, Kumari B (2021) Association of gender, physical activity, and fluid intake with bowel habits and symptoms of constipation. Natl J Physiol Pharmacy Pharmacol 11(6):657\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/njppp.2021.11.04122202103052021","journal-title":"Natl J Physiol Pharmacy Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2729_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/27697061.2022.2096150","volume":"42","author":"G Yurtda\u015f Depboylu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yurtda\u015f Depboylu G, Acar Tek N, Akbulut G, G\u00fcnel Z, Kamanl\u0131 B (2023) Functional constipation in elderly and related determinant risk factors: malnutrition and dietary intake. J Am Nutr Assoc 42(6):541\u2013547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/27697061.2022.2096150","journal-title":"J Am Nutr Assoc"},{"key":"2729_CR35","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences E, and Medicine (2004) Report sets dietary intake levels for water, salt, and potassium to maintain health and reduce chronic disease risk. https:\/\/www.nationalacademies.org\/news\/2004\/02\/report-sets-dietary-intake-levels-for-water-salt-and-potassium-to-maintain-health-and-reduce-chronic-disease-risk."},{"issue":"1","key":"2729_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s43045-021-00097-6","volume":"28","author":"A Sarangi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarangi A, Armin S, Vargas A, Chu VM, Fain K, Nelson J (2021) Management of constipation in patients with schizophrenia: a case study and review of literature. Middle East Curr Psychiatry 28(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43045-021-00097-6","journal-title":"Middle East Curr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2729_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000824","volume":"38","author":"A Chougule","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chougule A, Praharaj SK, Bhat SM, Sharma PSVN (2018) Prevalence and factors associated with clozapine-related constipation: an observational study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 38(1):42\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000824","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2729_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562211042368","volume":"30","author":"V Sazhin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sazhin V, Pushkal P (2022) Predictors of laxative use in inpatients with schizophrenia on clozapine. Australas Psychiatry 30(1):105\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10398562211042368","journal-title":"Australas Psychiatry"},{"key":"2729_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.113098","volume":"402","author":"K Yoshida","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoshida K, Takeuchi H (2021) Dose-dependent effects of antipsychotics on efficacy and adverse effects in schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 402:113098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbr.2020.113098","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2729_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.12788\/cp.0085","volume":"20","author":"S Kasmani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kasmani S (2021) Constipation: a potentially serious adverse effect of clozapine that\u2019s often overlooked. Current Psychiatry 20(1):e3\u2013e5","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry"},{"key":"2729_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.10.024","volume":"156","author":"A Cockburn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cockburn A, Watson A, Mountain D, Lawrie SM (2022) Evaluation of physical health in an in-patient psychiatric rehabilitation setting. J Psychiatr Res 156:324\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2022.10.024","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"2729_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-60766-1","volume-title":"Clinician\u2019s guide to psychopharmacology","author":"J Sadek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sadek J (2021) Clinician\u2019s guide to psychopharmacology. Springer"},{"issue":"6","key":"2729_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.26502\/jppd.2572-519X0118","volume":"4","author":"D Priyono","year":"2020","unstructured":"Priyono D, Pramana Y (2020) Relationship between physical activity and depression score patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatry Psychiatric Disord 4(6):358\u2013365","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Psychiatric Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"2729_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20120443","volume":"94","author":"C Rastad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rastad C, Martin C, \u212bsenl\u00f6f P (2014) Barriers, benefits, and strategies for physical activity in patients with schizophrenia. Phys Ther 94(10):1467\u20131479. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20120443","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"2729_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2021.08.008","volume":"63","author":"SJ Eustis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eustis SJ, McCall MW, Murphy EA, Wirth MD (2022) Association between gastrointestinal symptoms and depression in a representative sample of adults in the United States: findings from national health and nutrition examination survey (2005\u20132016). J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry 63(3):268\u2013279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaclp.2021.08.008","journal-title":"J Acad Consult Liaison Psychiatry"},{"key":"2729_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85492-4.00120-4","volume-title":"Primer on the autonomic nervous system","author":"M Camilleri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Camilleri M (2023) Gastrointestinal function. In: Biaggioni I, Browning K, Fink G, Jordan J, Low PA, Paton JFR (eds) Primer on the autonomic nervous system, 4th edn. Academic Press, USA, pp 213\u2013217","edition":"4"},{"key":"2729_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85492-4.00131-9","volume-title":"Primer on the autonomic nervous system","author":"V Oubaid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oubaid V (2023) Psychological stress and the autonomic nervous system. In: Biaggioni I, Browning K, Fink G, Jordan J, Low PA, Paton JFR (eds) Primer on the autonomic nervous system, 4th edn. Academic Press, pp 301\u2013304","edition":"4"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2729_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S297","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-6748.328835","volume":"30","author":"M Sharma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharma M, Prakash J, Yadav P, Srivastava K, Chatterjee K (2021) Gut-brain axis: synergistic approach. Ind Psychiatry J 30(Suppl 1):S297\u2013S300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0972-6748.328835","journal-title":"Ind Psychiatry J"},{"issue":"2","key":"2729_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmac108","volume":"40","author":"I Cifci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cifci I, Gokdemir O, Aygun O, Guldal D (2022) Evaluation of functional constipation frequency and related factors. Fam Pract 40(2):268\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/fampra\/cmac108","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"2729_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1159\/000506981","volume":"38","author":"LF Valladales-Restrepo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valladales-Restrepo LF, Paredes-Mendoza M, Machado-Alba JE (2020) Potentially inappropriate prescriptions for anticholinergic medications for patients with constipation. Dig Dis 38(6):500\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000506981","journal-title":"Dig Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-024-02743-w","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000}}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02729-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02729-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02729-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T09:59:02Z","timestamp":1739959142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02729-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["2729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02729-8","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s00127-024-02743-w","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7954","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 March 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2024","order":4,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":5,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02743-w","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02743-w","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of National Yang-Ming University (No: YM107093EF).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}