{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:14:12Z","timestamp":1786979652383,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF","award":["GZC20240155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20240155"]}]},{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Education Foundation"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Basic Fund-Talent Introduction and Development Project","award":["No. 2023-RC330-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2023-RC330-01"]}]},{"name":"Population and Aging Health Science Program","award":["WH10022023035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WH10022023035"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3600800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3600800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-024-02747-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]],"date-time":"2024-08-17T00:02:00Z","timestamp":1723852920000},"page":"1039-1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Changes in gender disparities of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and older adults in China: an age-period-cohort analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Biao","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ying","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2747_CR1","volume-title":"Global burden of mental disorder and the need for comprehensive, coordinated response from the health and social sectors at the country level","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2011) Global burden of mental disorder and the need for comprehensive, coordinated response from the health and social sectors at the country level. World Health Organization, Geneva"},{"issue":"9590","key":"2747_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61415-9","volume":"370","author":"S Moussavi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Moussavi S, Chatterji S, Verdes E, Tandon A, Patel V, Ustun B (2007) Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World health surveys. Lancet 370(9590):851\u2013858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61415-9","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2747_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"The enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression (1993). Am J Psychiatry 150(5):720\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.150.5.720","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.5.720"},{"issue":"6","key":"2747_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4513","volume":"76","author":"NM Melhem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Melhem NM, Porta G, Oquendo MA, Zelazny J, Keilp JG, Iyengar S, Burke A, Birmaher B, Stanley B, Mann JJ, Brent DA (2019) Severity and variability of depression symptoms predicting suicide attempt in high-risk individuals. JAMA Psychiat 76(6):603\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4513","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"5","key":"2747_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.071191","volume":"196","author":"JL Ayuso-Mateos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ayuso-Mateos JL, Nuevo R, Verdes E, Naidoo N, Chatterji S (2010) From depressive symptoms to depressive disorders: the relevance of thresholds. Br J Psychiatry 196(5):365\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.071191","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"2747_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wpsyc.2012.05.019","volume":"11","author":"CR Cloninger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cloninger CR (2012) Healthy personality development and well-being. World Psychiatry 11(2):103\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wpsyc.2012.05.019","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2747_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.044","volume":"293","author":"X Fan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fan X, Guo X, Ren Z, Li X, He M, Shi H, Zha S, Qiao S, Zhao H, Li Y, Pu Y, Liu H, Zhang X (2021) The prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated factors in middle-aged and elderly Chinese people. J Affect Disord 293:222\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.044","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2747_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/2057150X211043008","volume":"7","author":"W Luo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luo W, Zhao M (2021) Trends and socioeconomic differentials in depression prevalence in China, 2010\u20132018. Chin J Sociol 7(4):535\u2013556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2057150X211043008","journal-title":"Chin J Sociol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2747_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2019.1707872","volume":"47","author":"A Bell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bell A (2020) Age period cohort analysis: a review of what we should and shouldn\u2019t do. Ann Hum Biol 47(2):208\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03014460.2019.1707872","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"key":"2747_CR10","volume-title":"Age-period-cohort analysis: new models, methods, and empirical applications","author":"Y Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang Y, Land KC (2013) Age-period-cohort analysis: new models, methods, and empirical applications. CRC Press, USA"},{"key":"2747_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.075","volume":"288","author":"J He","year":"2021","unstructured":"He J, Ouyang F, Li L, Qiu D, Li Y, Xiao S (2021) Incidence trends of major depressive disorder in China: an age-period-cohort modeling study. J Affect Disord 288:10\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.075","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2747_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.084","volume":"296","author":"R Bai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bai R, Dong W, Peng Q, Bai Z (2022) Trends in depression incidence in China, 1990\u20132019. J Affect Disord 296:291\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.09.084","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2747_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.134","volume":"295","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Zhao M (2021) Gender disparities and depressive symptoms over the life course and across cohorts in China. J Affect Disord 295:620\u2013627. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.08.134","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"2747_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.082230","volume":"63","author":"C Chiao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chiao C, Weng LJ, Botticello A (2009) Do older adults become more depressed with age in Taiwan? The role of social position and birth cohort. J Epidemiol Commun Health 63(8):625\u2013632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jech.2008.082230","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Commun Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"2747_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3942","volume":"28","author":"J Shao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shao J, Li D, Zhang D, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Qi X (2013) Birth cohort changes in the depressive symptoms of Chinese older adults: a cross-temporal meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 28(11):1101\u20131108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.3942","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2747_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2013.07.016","volume":"58","author":"D Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li D, Zhang D, Shao J, Qi X, Tian L (2014) A meta-analysis of the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 58(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2013.07.016","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2747_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-5872.2011.00119.x","volume":"3","author":"LL Lim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lim LL, Chang W, Yu X, Chiu H, Chong M-Y, Kua E-H (2011) Depression in Chinese elderly populations. Asia Pac Psychiatry 3(2):46\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1758-5872.2011.00119.x","journal-title":"Asia Pac Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2747_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2721","volume":"27","author":"J Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu J, Li J, Cuijpers P, Wu S, Wu Z (2012) Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults: a population-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 27(3):305\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/gps.2721","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2747_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00477","volume":"7","author":"J Sun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sun J, Ryder AG (2016) The Chinese experience of rapid modernization: sociocultural changes, psychological consequences? Front Psychol 7:477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00477","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2747_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.11.031","volume":"220","author":"Q Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Q, Tapia Granados JA (2019) Economic growth and mental health in 21st century China. Soc Sci Med 220:387\u2013395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.11.031","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2747_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-019-01710-0","volume":"54","author":"J Zeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeng J, Jian W (2019) Changes in income-related inequalities of depression prevalence in China: a longitudinal, population study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 54(9):1133\u20131142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-019-01710-0","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2747_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.050","volume":"293","author":"T Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang T, Jiang J, Tang X (2021) Prevalence of depressive symptoms among older adults in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 293:379\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.050","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"2747_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2022.0094","volume":"73","author":"K Winczyk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Winczyk K, Kostka T, Pisarek H, Pisarek H, Guligowska A, Guligowska A, Piechocka-Wochniak E, Piechocka-Wochniak E, \u015awi\u0119tos\u0142awski J, \u015awi\u0119tos\u0142awski J, Pawlikowski M (2022) Hormones and depression in the advanced age. Endokrynol Pol 73(6):917\u2013921","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2747_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.07.033","volume":"96","author":"MW Pataky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pataky MW, Young WF, Nair KS (2021) Hormonal and metabolic changes of aging and the influence of lifestyle modifications. Mayo Clin Proc 96(3):788\u2013814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.07.033","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2747_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291799001452","volume":"30","author":"AF Jorm","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jorm AF (2000) Does old age reduce the risk of anxiety and depression? A review of epidemiological studies across the adult life span. Psychol Med 30(1):11\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291799001452","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2747_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M249","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.3.M249","volume":"58","author":"DG Blazer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Blazer DG (2003) Depression in late life: review and commentary. J Gerontol Ser A-Biol Sci Med Sci 58(3):M249\u2013M265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/58.3.M249","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser A-Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2747_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.041","volume":"292","author":"X Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang X, Qi S, Zhang H, Wang Z (2021) Prevalence of depressive symptoms and its related factors among China\u2019s older adults in 2016. J Affect Disord 292:95\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.04.041","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"2747_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.028","volume":"120","author":"X Lei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lei X, Sun X, Strauss J, Zhang P, Zhao Y (2014) Depressive symptoms and SES among the mid-aged and elderly in China: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study national baseline. Soc Sci Med 120:224\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.028","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2747_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.05.003","volume":"105","author":"A Pan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pan A, Franco OH, Wang YF, Yu ZJ, Ye XW, Lin X (2008) Prevalence and geographic disparity of depressive symptoms among middle-aged and elderly in China. J Affect Disord 105(1\u20133):167\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2007.05.003","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2747_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-199400230-00003","volume":"2","author":"DG Blazer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Blazer DG (1994) Is Depression more frequent in late life?: An honest look at the evidence. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2(3):193\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00019442-199400230-00003","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2747_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1093\/sf\/89.4.1287","volume":"89","author":"P Clarke","year":"2011","unstructured":"Clarke P, Marshall V, House J, Lantz P (2011) The social structuring of mental health over the adult life course: advancing theory in the sociology of aging. Soc Forces 89(4):1287\u20131313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/sf\/89.4.1287","journal-title":"Soc Forces"},{"issue":"12","key":"2747_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.12.2061","volume":"93","author":"S Kasen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kasen S, Cohen P, Chen H, Castille D (2003) Depression in adult women: age changes and cohort effects. Am J Public Health 93(12):2061\u20132066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.93.12.2061","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2747_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650704800102","volume":"48","author":"Y Yang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yang Y (2007) Is old age depressing? Growth trajectories and cohort variations in late-life depression. J Health Soc Behav 48(1):16\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002214650704800102","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"2747_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102975","volume":"69","author":"Z Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu Z, Gahr M, Xiang Y, Kingdon D, R\u00fcsch N, Wang G (2022) The state of mental health care in China. Asian J Psychiatr 69:102975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajp.2021.102975","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2747_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12121559","volume":"170","author":"MR Phillips","year":"2013","unstructured":"Phillips MR, Chen H, Diesfeld K, Xie B, Cheng HG, Mellsop G, Liu X (2013) China\u2019s new mental health law: reframing involuntary treatment. Am J Psychiatry 170(6):588\u2013591. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12121559","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2747_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gpsych-2019-100053","volume":"32","author":"J Que","year":"2019","unstructured":"Que J, Lu L, Shi L (2019) Development and challenges of mental health in China. Gen Psychiatry 32(1):e100053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gpsych-2019-100053","journal-title":"Gen Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"2747_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S226","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/62.4.S226","volume":"62","author":"B Eugenia Alvarado","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eugenia Alvarado B, Victoria Zunzunegui M, B\u00e9land F, Sicotte M, Tellechea L (2007) Social and gender inequalities in depressive symptoms among urban older adults of latin America and the Caribbean. J Gerontol Ser B 62(4):S226\u2013S236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/62.4.S226","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B"},{"issue":"3","key":"2747_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-007-0158-3","volume":"42","author":"MV Zunzunegui","year":"2007","unstructured":"Zunzunegui MV, Minicuci N, Blumstein T, Noale M, Deeg D, Jylh\u00e4 M, Pedersen NL (2007) Gender differences in depressive symptoms among older adults: a cross-national comparison. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 42(3):198\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-007-0158-3","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"2747_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.08.021","volume":"166","author":"A Marchand","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marchand A, Bilodeau J, Demers A, Beauregard N, Durand P, Haines VY (2016) Gendered depression: vulnerability or exposure to work and family stressors? Soc Sci Med 166:160\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.08.021","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2747_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8_891-1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences","author":"R Broerman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Broerman R (2017) Diathesis-stress model. In: Zeigler-Hill V, Shackelford TK (eds) Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-28099-8_891-1"},{"issue":"2","key":"2747_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211055993","volume":"63","author":"LR Anderson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anderson LR, Monden CWS, Bukodi E (2021) Stressful life events, differential vulnerability, and depressive symptoms: critique and new evidence. J Health Soc Behav 63(2):283\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00221465211055993","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"2747_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113354","volume":"267","author":"P Bracke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bracke P, Delaruelle K, Dereuddre R, Van de Velde S (2020) Depression in women and men, cumulative disadvantage and gender inequality in 29 European countries. Soc Sci Med 267:113354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113354","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2747_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100399","volume":"7","author":"LR Abrams","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abrams LR, Mehta NK (2019) Changes in depressive symptoms over age among older Americans: differences by gender, race\/ethnicity, education, and birth cohort. SSM Popul Health 7:100399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100399","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2747_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.16.2.342","volume":"16","author":"JC Barefoot","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barefoot JC, Mortensen EL, Helms MJ, Avlund K, Schroll M (2001) A longitudinal study of gender differences in depressive symptoms from age 50 to 80. Psychol Aging 16(2):342\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.16.2.342","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"2747_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.2307\/2137263","volume":"37","author":"J Mirowsky","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mirowsky J (1996) Age and the gender gap in depression. J Health Soc Behav 37(4):362\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2137263","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"2747_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2011.569481","volume":"15","author":"B Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang B, Li J (2011) Gender and marital status differences in depressive symptoms among elderly adults: the roles of family support and friend support. Aging Ment Health 15(7):844\u2013854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2011.569481","journal-title":"Aging Ment Health"},{"key":"2747_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503620988","volume-title":"Long lives: Chinese elderly and the communist revolution","author":"D Davis","year":"1991","unstructured":"Davis D (1991) Long lives: Chinese elderly and the communist revolution. Stanford University Press, Redwood City"},{"issue":"1","key":"2747_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys203","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G (2014) Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol 43(1):61\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dys203","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2747_CR49","volume-title":"China health and retirement longitudinal study wave 4 user\u2019s guide","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Strauss J, Chen X, Wang Y, Gong J, Meng Q, Wang G, Wang H (2020) China health and retirement longitudinal study wave 4 user\u2019s guide. Peking University, Beijing"},{"issue":"4","key":"2747_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i04","volume":"45","author":"P Royston","year":"2011","unstructured":"Royston P, White IR (2011) Multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE): implementation in Stata. J Stat Softw 45(4):1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v045.i04","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"2","key":"2747_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/s0749-3797(18)30622-6","volume":"10","author":"EM Andresen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Andresen EM, Malmgren JA, Carter WB, Patrick DL (1994) Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Am J Prev Med 10(2):77\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0749-3797(18)30622-6","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2747_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<608::AID-GPS991>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"14","author":"KW Boey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boey KW (1999) Cross-validation of a short form of the CES-D in Chinese elderly. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14(8):608\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8%3c608::AID-GPS991%3e3.0.CO;2-Z","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"07","key":"2747_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.13342\/j.cnki.cjhp.2015.07.023","volume":"23","author":"Q Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang Q, Wang X, Chen G (2015) Reliability and validity of 10-item CES-D among middle aged and older adults in China. Chin J Health Psychol 23(07):1036\u20131041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13342\/j.cnki.cjhp.2015.07.023","journal-title":"Chin J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2747_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2006.00175.x","volume":"36","author":"Y Yang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yang Y, Land KC (2006) A mixed models approach to the age-period-cohort analysis of repeated cross-section surveys, with an application to data on trends in verbal test scores. Sociol Methodol 36(1):75\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9531.2006.00175.x","journal-title":"Sociol Methodol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2747_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M210","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/46.6.M210","volume":"46","author":"Blazer D, Burchett B, Service C, George LK","year":"1991","unstructured":"Blazer D, Burchett B, Service C, George LK (1991) The association of age and depression among the elderly: an epidemiologic exploration. J Gerontol Ser A-Biol Sci Med Sci 46(6):M210\u2013M215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronj\/46.6.M210","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser A-Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2747_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/000312240807300202","volume":"73","author":"Y Yang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yang Y (2008) Social inequalities in happiness in the United States, 1972 to 2004: an age-period-cohort analysis. Am Sociol Rev 73(2):204\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000312240807300202","journal-title":"Am Sociol Rev"},{"key":"2747_CR57","unstructured":"SAS Institute Inc (2017) The GLIMMIX procedure. In: SAS Institute Inc (ed) SAS\/STAT\u00ae 14.3 user\u2019s guide. SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC, pp 3371\u20133494"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2747_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.06.005","volume":"106","author":"D Vink","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vink D, Aartsen MJ, Schoevers RA (2008) Risk factors for anxiety and depression in the elderly: a review. J Affect Disord 106(1\u20132):29\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2007.06.005","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2747_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852912000533","volume":"17","author":"K Zhao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhao K, Huang C, Xiao Q, Gao Y, Liu Q, Wang Z, Li Y, Xie Y (2012) Age and risk for depression among the elderly: a meta-analysis of the published literature. CNS Spectr 17(3):142\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1092852912000533","journal-title":"CNS Spectr"},{"key":"2747_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.05.030","volume":"243","author":"N Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li N, Chen G, Zeng P, Pang J, Gong H, Han Y, Zhang Y, Zhang E, Zhang T, Zheng X (2016) Prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Chinese elderly people: a comparison study between community-based population and hospitalized population. Psychiatry Res 243:87\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.05.030","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2747_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P251","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/49.6.P251","volume":"49","author":"JJ Gallo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gallo JJ, Anthony JC, Muthen BO (1994) Age differences in the symptoms of depression: a latent trait analysis. J Gerontol Ser B-Psychol Sci Soc Sci 49(6):P251\u2013P264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronj\/49.6.P251","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B-Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2747_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2012.07.003","volume":"27","author":"H-S Ryu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ryu H-S, Chang S-O, Song J-A, Oh Y (2013) Effect of domain-specific life satisfaction on depressive symptoms in late adulthood and old age: results of a cross-sectional descriptive survey. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 27(2):101\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apnu.2012.07.003","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2747_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-4560.00287","volume":"58","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zeng Y, Vaupel JW (2002) Functional capacity and self\u2013evaluation of health and life of oldest old in China. J Soc Issues 58(4):733\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1540-4560.00287","journal-title":"J Soc Issues"},{"issue":"4","key":"2747_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.61.4.305","volume":"61","author":"E Diener","year":"2006","unstructured":"Diener E, Lucas RE, Scollon CN (2006) Beyond the hedonic treadmill: revising the adaptation theory of well-being. Am Psychol 61(4):305\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0003-066X.61.4.305","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2747_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.23.1.154","volume":"23","author":"D Gerstorf","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gerstorf D, Ram N, R\u00f6cke C, Lindenberger U, Smith J (2008) Decline in life satisfaction in old age: longitudinal evidence for links to distance-to-death. Psychol Aging 23(1):154\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0882-7974.23.1.154","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"2747_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2307\/2137349","volume":"33","author":"J Mirowsky","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mirowsky J, Ross CE (1992) Age and depression. J Health Soc Behav 33(3):187\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2137349","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"2747_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.01.048","volume":"66","author":"CE Ross","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ross CE, Mirowsky J (2008) Age and the balance of emotions. Soc Sci Med 66(12):2391\u20132400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.01.048","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2747_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.011","volume":"228","author":"P Xie","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xie P, Wu K, Zheng Y, Guo Y, Yang Y, He J, Ding Y, Peng H (2018) Prevalence of childhood trauma and correlations between childhood trauma, suicidal ideation, and social support in patients with depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia in southern China. J Affect Disord 228:41\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.011","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2747_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"P87","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/57.1.P87","volume":"57","author":"V Kraaij","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kraaij V, Arensman E, Spinhoven P (2002) Negative life events and depression in elderly persons: a meta-analysis. J Gerontol Ser B-Psychol Sci Soc Sci 57(1):P87\u2013P94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/57.1.P87","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B-Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2747_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.03.007","volume":"126","author":"S Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee S, Guo W, Tsang A, Mak ADP, Wu J, Ng KL, Kwok K (2010) Evidence for the 2008 economic crisis exacerbating depression in Hong Kong. J Affect Disord 126(1):125\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2010.03.007","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2747_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1080\/13811110590512994","volume":"9","author":"D Lester","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lester D (2005) Suicide and the Chinese cultural revolution. Arch Suicide Res 9(1):99\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13811110590512994","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2747_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000102","volume":"143","author":"RH Salk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salk RH, Hyde JS, Abramson LY (2017) Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychol Bull 143(8):783\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/bul0000102","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2747_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113088","volume":"258","author":"JM Platt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Platt JM, Bates LM, Jager J, McLaughlin KA, Keyes KM (2020) Changes in the depression gender gap from 1992 to 2014: cohort effects and mediation by gendered social position. Soc Sci Med 258:113088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113088","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2747_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10680-022-09610-x","author":"ON Bramajo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bramajo ON (2022) An age-period-cohort approach to analyse late-life depression prevalence in six European countries, 2004\u20132016. Eur J Popul Revue Eur Demogr. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10680-022-09610-x","journal-title":"Eur J Popul Revue Eur Demogr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2747_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1353\/sof.0.0183","volume":"87","author":"Y Yang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yang Y, Lee LC (2009) Sex and race disparities in health: cohort variations in life course patterns. Soc Forces 87(4):2093\u20132124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/sof.0.0183","journal-title":"Soc Forces"},{"key":"2747_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8987-5_6","volume-title":"Analysing China's population: social change in a new demographic era","author":"I Attan\u00e9","year":"2014","unstructured":"Attan\u00e9 I (2014) Being a woman in China today: a demography of gender. In: Attan\u00e9 I, Gu B (eds) Analysing China\u2019s population: social change in a new demographic era. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 95\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-8987-5_6"}],"container-title":["Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02747-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02747-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02747-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T09:39:46Z","timestamp":1748425186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02747-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00127-024-02747-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-7954","1433-9285"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-7954","type":"print"},{"value":"1433-9285","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All methods used in this study were implemented in accordance with relevant CHARLS guidelines and regulations and the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants joined CHARLS voluntarily and signed informed consent before participation. Moreover, written informed consent was obtained from their literate, legally authorized representatives\/guardians for interviewees with no formal education. Ethical approval for all the CHARLS waves was granted by the Institutional Review Board at Peking University (IRB00001052-11015).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}